Erratum to: Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography of a Loess High Bank at Dunaszekcső (Hungary)     

Gyöngyvér Szanyi  Zoltán Gráczer  Erzsébet Győri  Zdeněk Kaláb  Markéta Lednická 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2016,173(8):2975-2975

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Surface Tension Effects of Humic-Like Substances in the Aqueous Extract of Tropospheric Fine Aerosol   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gyula?KissEmail author  Etelka?Tombácz  Hans-Christen?Hansson 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2005,50(3):279-294

Organic aerosol constituents can influence the surface tension of nucleating cloud droplets and thereby modify the critical supersaturation necessary to activate aerosol particles. Model calculations, based on experiments carried out with different surrogates, led to contradictory conclusions on the effect of organic components on activation, indicating that the results depend very much on the surrogate selected. In order to reduce this uncertainty surface tension measurements were performed on real atmospheric aerosol components. Humic-like substances (HULIS) that accounted for 60% of the water-soluble organic carbon present in rural aerosol were isolated from 32 samples covering different seasons. The isolated organic matter present in a concentration of about 1 g L^–1, decreased the surface tension of the aqueous solutions by 25–42% as compared to pure water. This effect was further enhanced when humic-like substances were mixed with ammonium sulphate. In order to support model calculations Szyskowski functions were fitted to the data to formulate the surface tension effect as a function of concentration.Finally, natural humic substances (fulvic and humic acids) were investigated under the same conditions. The experiments revealed that the surface tension decreasing effect of atmospheric humic-like substances differed from that of the studied terrestrial and aquatic humic substances: the latter substances decreased the surface tension of the aqueous solution to a lesser extent (7–23%) than atmospheric HULIS. This deviation can be explained with the different composition (e.g. the ratio of aromatic to aliphatic moieties) of the substances investigated.  相似文献   

IAG Newsletter     

Gyula?TóthEmail author 《Journal of Geodesy》2004,78(3):225-234

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IAG Newsletter     

Gyula Tóth 《Journal of Geodesy》2004,78(7-8):489-507

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Thermal evolution of the moon     

M. Nafi Toksőz  Sean C. Solomon  John W. Minear  David H. Johnston 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1972,4(1-2):190-213

The thermal history and current state of the lunar interior are investigated using constraints imposed by recent geological and physical data. Theoretical temperature models are computed taking into account different initial conditions, heat sources, differentiation and simulated convection. To account for the early formation of the lunar highlands, the time duration of magmatism and presentday temperatures estimated from lunar electrical conductivity profiles, it is necessary to restrict initial temperatures and abundances of radioactivie elements. Successful models require that the outer half of the Moon initially heated to melting temperatures, probably due to rapid accretion. Differentiation of radioactive heat sources toward the lunar surface occurred during the first 1.6 billion years. Temperatures in the outer 500 km are currently low, while the deep interior (radius less than 700 to 1000 km) is warmer than 1000°C, and is of primordial material. In some models there is a partially melted core. The calculated surface heat flux is between 25 and 30 erg/cm² s.Presently at the Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A.  相似文献   

IAG Newsletter     

Gyula Tóth 《Journal of Geodesy》2005,78(9):569-576

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Proposing a beneficiary-based shared responsibility approach for calculating national carbon accounts during the post-Kyoto era     

Maria Csutora  Zsófia Vetőné mózner 《Climate Policy》2013,13(5):599-616

Considerable progress has been made in Europe towards cutting GHG emissions during the last decade, but this achievement is partly due to the delocalization of manufacturing industries to emerging countries. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the current emission accounting method is production-based and cannot fully capture this effect. The use of such a method is clearly unfavourable for emerging countries and could lead to difficulties in engaging them in climate policy negotiations. The consumption-based approach represents the other extreme in apportioning emission responsibilities. This article proposes the beneficiary-based shared responsibility approach, which outperforms previous methods in terms of scientific justification and political acceptability. Consumer countries benefit from enjoying the product itself, while producing countries benefit from the production process, which provides them with employment, government income, and company profit. Thus, emissions related to the material throughput used to produce exported products should be allocated to the final place of consumption. The income of production activities benefits the producer country, so emissions associated with these values should be allocated to them. The main reason for taking this accounting approach is that the responsibility for emissions and the benefits of enjoying a product should not be decoupled.  相似文献   

IAG Newsletter     

Gyula Tóth 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(8):793-796

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