The Earth. Its origin, structure and evolution: M.W. McElhinny (Editor). Academic Press, London-New York- San Francisco, 1979, 597 pp., $ 7     

Hans Christian Larsen  David Bridgwater 《Tectonophysics》1980,68(3-4)

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Evolution of late proterozoic to early paleozoic Adelaide foldbelt, Australia: Comparisons with postpermian rifts and passive margins     

C.C von der Borch 《Tectonophysics》1980,70(1-2)

A tectonic and sedimentary facies model is proposed to explain progressive evolution of the late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic Adelaide Rift (Geosyncline) of southern Australia. Tectonic and stratigraphic similarities are noted between the Adelaide Rift and many post Permian rifts and passive continental margins. Also the time span of the pre oceaniccrust accretion stage of the rifting process may be of the same order of magnitude, both in the Adelaide Rift and in post-Permian passive margins. These observations suggest that the underlying cause of the rifting process and the resultant crustal response have not changed significantly since late Precambrian times. More specifically the so-called “breakup unconformity”, observed in stratigraphic sequences beneath many present day passive continental margins, has been shown by various authors to correlate in time with earliest oceanic crust accretion, and it often separates underlying non-marine or paralic from fully marine shelf strata. In the Adelaide Rift, the unconformable Precambrian—Cambrian boundary is proposed as the analogue of this breakup unconformity, thereby explaining the apparently sudden influx of largely marine metazoans in Cambrian strata immediately above this unconformity.  相似文献   

Natural radionuclides in the water of Narragansett Bay     

Peter Hans Santschi  Yuan-Hui Li  Joy Bell 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1979,45(1):201-213

The concentrations of radionuclides of the U-Th series (²³⁸U,²³⁴Th,²³⁴U,²³⁰Th,²²⁶Ra,²¹⁰Pb,²¹⁰Po, and²³²Th,²²⁸Ra,²²⁸Th) in the water of Narragansett Bay are reported. Analysis of the total, particulate, dissolved and colloidal forms of Th isotopes reveal a consistent removal behavior which is controlled mainly by the particulate matter concentration and the sediment resuspension rate. Half-removal times of Th from solution onto particles range from 1.5 to 15 days, and settling velocities of Th containing particles range generally between 1 and 11 m/day.²¹⁰Pb and²¹⁰Po concentrations are seasonally dependent, with higher concentrations and slower removal during the early summer (half-removal times from solution onto particles of 1–5 days in winter and up to 2 months in early summer).  相似文献   

Stable isotope and fluid inclusion studies of gem-bearing granitic pegmatite-aplite dikes,San Diego Co., California     

Bruce E. Taylor  Eugene E. Foord  Hans Friedrichsen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1979,68(2):187-205

Late Cretaceous, granitic pegmatite-aplite dikes in southern California have been known for gem-quality minerals and as a commercial source of lithium. Minerals, whole-rock samples, and inclusion fluids from nine of these dikes and from associated wall rocks have been analyzed for their oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon isotope compositions to ascertain the origins and thermal histories of the dikes. Oxygen isotope geothermometry used in combination with thermometric data from primary fluid inclusions enabled the determination of the pressure regime during crystallization.Two groups of dikes are evident from their oxygen isotope compositions (¹⁸O_qtz+10.5 in Group A, and +8.5 in Group B). Prior to the end of crystallization, Group A pegmatites had already extensively exchanged oxygen with their wall rocks, while Group B dikes may represent a closer approximation to the original isotopic composition of the pegmatite melts. Oxygen isotope fractionations between minerals are similar in all dikes and indicate that the pegmatites were emplaced at temperatures of about 730 ° to 700 ° C. Supersolidus crystallization began with the basal aplite zone and ended with formation of quench aplite in the pocket zone, nearly to 565 ° C. Subsolidus formation of gem-bearing pockets took place over a relatively narrow temperature range of about 40 ° C (approximately 565–525 ° C). Nearly closed-system crystallization is indicated.Hornblende in gabbroic and noritic wall rocks (D_w.r. = –90 to –130) in the Mesa Grande district crystallized in the presence of, or exchanged hydrogen with, meteoric water (D –90) prior to the emplacement of the pegmatite dikes. Magmatic water was subsequently added to the wall rocks adjacent to the pegmatites.Groups A and B pegmatites cannot be distinguished on the basis of their hydrogen isotope compositions. A decrease in D of muscovite inward from the walls of the dikes reflects a decrease in temperature. D values of H₂O from fluid inclusions are: –50 to –73 (aplite and pegmatite zones); –62 to –75 (pocket quartz: Tourmaline Queen and Stewart dikes); and –50 ± 4 (pocket quartz from many dikes). The average ¹³C of juvenile CO₂ in fluid inclusions in Group B pegmatites is –7.9. In Group A pegmatities, ¹³C of CO₂ is more negative (–10 to –15.6), due to exchange of C with wall rocks and/or loss of ¹³C-enriched CO₂ to an exsolving vapor phase.Pressures during crystallization of the pockets were on the order of 2,100 bars, and may have increased slightly during pocket growth. A depth of formation of at least 6.8 km (sp. gr. of over burden = 3.0, and P _fiuid=P _load) is indicated, and a rate of uplift of 0.07 cm/yr. follows from available geochronologic data.  相似文献   

Coronas in olivine gabbros and iron ores from Susimäki and Riuttamaa,Finland     

Hans van Lamoen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1979,68(3):259-268

Coronas have been studied by petrographie and microprobe techniques in metamorphosed olivine gabbros and associated iron ores from Susimäki and Riuttamaa in Southwest Finland. Three types of coronas are distinguished occurring between the following primary minerals: (1) olivine-plagioclase, (2) opaque oxides-plagioclase, (3) opaque oxides-clinopy-roxene. Secondary corona minerals are, in order of decreasing abundance, hornblende, orthopyroxene, spinel, olivine, ilmenite, and magnetite. This is the first reported occurrence of coexisting primary and secondary olivines in coronas. Quantitative approximations of the corona-producing reactions are given by chemical equations of the analyzed reactant and product mineral phases. Individual coronas of all three types developed essentially as allochemical systems open to mass transfer by an intergranular fluid phase. The overall corona formation within the volume of a handspecimen likely involved only a net gain of water and a loss of Na.  相似文献   

Diagenetische Veränderungen in den Rotliegend Sandsteinen im NW-Deutschen Becken     

Dr. Hans Joachim Drong 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1979,68(3):1172-1183

Zusammenfassung Mit seinen auf 3000 m bis 6000 m versenkten Schichten bildet das Rotliegende in Nordwestdeutschland eine Gasprovinz, deren Lagerstätten-Inhalte aus dem Karbon im Liegenden abgeleitet werden. Die Reservoire sind Sandsteine, die mit Tonsteinen wechsellagern. Sie wurden nach einer Phase reger vulkanischer Aktivität des untersten Perm als red bed-Sedimente in einem ariden Klima abgelagert.Das Untersuchungsgebiet ist der Raum zwischen Weser und Elbe. Es wurde versucht, eine grundsätzliche Teufen/Porositäts-Variation der Sandsteine zu erarbeiten, was wegen der komplexen Gefügebedingungen sehr schwierig ist. In diesem Zusammenhang ergab sich die Markierung des Endes der mechanischen Kompaktion bei einer Porosität um 22% für feinkörnige Sandsteine.Die in den Poren (epigenetisch) ausgefällten allochemischen Zementminerale zeigen Merkmale einer synsedimentären bis frühdiagenetischen Kristallisation. Nicht zuletzt kommt das in der regionalen paläogeographischen Anordnung der Zementminerale Karbonat, Sulfat und Halit zum Ausdruck, in dieser Reihenfolge zunehmend evaporitischen Charakters vom Beckenrand im Süden zur Beckenachse im Norden hin bevorzugt verteilt.In den Intergranularen der Sandsteine sind authigene Tonminerale weit verbreitet, besonders als Coating- und Overgrowth-Gefüge. Die Reaktion von Feldspat und die gesteigerte Authigenese von Tonmineralen in einem Gebiet, in dem die gewöhnlich anzutreffenden Effusivgesteine im Liegenden fehlen, werfen ein Licht auf die Herkunft dieser Tonminerale und auf die Migrationsvorgänge.

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With its sequences attaining depths of 3000 to 6000 m, the Rotliegend in NW Germany forms a gas province whose reservoir contents are derived from underlying Carboniferous. The reservoirs consist of sandstones alternating with shales, which were deposited in an arid climate as red bed sediments after a phase of intensive volcanic activity in the lowermost Permian.The investigated area is situated between the rivers Weser and Elbe. It was tried to obtain a basic depth/porosity variation of the sandstones, a rather difficult attempt because of the very complex fabric conditions. In this connection the end of the mechanical compaction could be marked at a porosity of about 22% for fine-grained sandstones.The allochemical cement minerals precipitated (epigenetically) in the pores show features of a synsedimentary to early-diagenetic crystallisation. This is not least reflected in the regional paleogeographic distribution of the cement minerals carbonate, sulfate and halite which, in the order of their listing, become more evaporitic, with increasing proportions from the basin margin in the south towards the basin axis in the north.In the intergranulars of the sandstones, authigenic clay minerals occur frequently, in particular in the form of coating and overgrowth. Reaction of feldspar and advanced authigenesis of clay minerals in an area where the generally occurring effusive rocks are missing in underlying formations give an idea of the genesis of clay minerals and of migration processes.

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Résumé Le Rotliegend constitue au nord-ouest de l'Allemagne une province à gisements de gaz naturel. Les réservoirs consistent en grès alternant avec des argiles, qui ont subi un affaissement de 3000 à 6000 m. Ces couches sont des »sédiments rouges« déposés dans un climat aride après une phase d'activité volcanique intense dotant du permien le plus inférieur. Le gaz provient du carbonifère.La région étudiée est située entre le Weser et l'Elbe. On a eu en vue la variation fondamentale entre la profondeur et la porosité des grès, tâche assez difficile en raison des conditions de texture très complexes. A cette occasion on a pu enregistrer la fin de la compaction mécanique avec une porosité de 22% environ pour les grès fins.Les minéraux allochémiques du ciment préciptés (épigénétiquement) dans les pores montrent les caractéristiques d'une cristallisation synsédimentaire à protodiagénétique. Cela se manifeste aussi dans la distribution paléogéographique régionale des minéraux du ciment, carbonate, sulfate et halite, qui deviennent dans cet ordre, de plus en plus évaporitiques à partir du bord méridional du bassin vers son axe; en d'autres termes les minéraux les plus évaporitiques sont déposés vers le nord.Dans les pores des grès, les minéraux d'argile authigènes sont très répandus, en particulier sous forme d'une pellicule enveloppante et d'enrobement. La réaction de feldspath et l'authigenèse avancée des minéraux d'argile dans une région où les roches effusives normalement présentes sont absentes les couches inférieures, permettent de se faire une idée de la genèse des minéraux d'argile et des processus de la migration.

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SiO2-Diagenese in Tiefseesedimenten     

Dr. Ulrich von Rad 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1979,68(3):1025-1036

Zusammenfassung Im SiO₂-Kreislauf des Weltozeans ist Kieselsäure biogener Herkunft (Skelettopal) der wichtigste SiO₂-Lieferant, während vulkanogene und andere Quellen zurücktreten. Die Erhaltung von biogenem Opal und seine spätere Umbildung in authigenen Opal-CT und Klinoptilolith wird durch hohe Kieselplankton-Produktivität und Sedimentationsraten (z. B. in Auftriebsgebieten) begünstigt. Vulkanglas wird langsamer gelöst und führt zur Ausfällung von authigenem Smektit und Phillipsit, aber nicht zur Hornsteinbildung.Im allgemeinen verläuft die SiO₂-Diagense als ein diskontinuierlicher zeit-, teufen-, temperatur- und faziesabhängiger Reifungsprozeß von instabilem biogenem Opal (Opal-A) über metastabilen Opal-CT (fehlgeordneter Tief-Cristobalit/Tridymit) zu stabilem Quarz. Opal-CT ist also immer die erste (10–65 Ma nach der Ablagerung gefällte) SiO₂-Phase, aus der dann erst später (50–140 Ma nach Ablagerung der ursprünglichen Kieselsedimente) echte Quarzhornsteine entstehen. Unabhängig davon wird akzessorischer Quarz schon frühdiagenetisch in Porzellaniten ausgefällt, wo er Hohlräume füllt oder den Calcit von Fossilien verdrängt.Während die Opal-AOpal-CT-Umwandlung meist über einen Lösungsschritt geht, können Kieselskelette auchin-situ in Opal-CT umgewandelt werden. Das Opal-CT-Gitter erfährt einen teufen- und temperaturabhängige, röntgenographisch nachweisbare strukturelle Reifung. Diese führt später zur Opal-CTQuarz-Umwandlung, die möglicherweise ohne generelle Lösung und Wiederausfällung abläuft.Obwohl Alter/Versenkungstiefen-Diagramme ein weit überlappendes Vorkommen von Opal-A, Opal-CT und Quarz zeigen, läßt sich im allgemeinen eine positive Korrelation der Reife der SiO₂-Phasen mit diesen Parametern feststellen. Die Umwandlung von biogenem Opal in authigenen Opal-CT verläuft allerdings etwas rascher in karbonatischem als in tonigem Milieu, während tonige Fazies die Opal-CTQuarz-Umbildung beträchtlich verlangsamt. Die SiO₂-Transformationen werden allerdings nicht nur durch die Faktoren Zeit, Teufe (Temperatur) und Gastsedimentfazies gesteuert. Weitere, noch weitgehend unbekannte Parameter spielen vermutlich eine bedeutende Rolle.

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Biogenic silica is the most important source for the global oceanic SiO₂ cycle, whereas volcanogenic and other sources are less significant. High silica plankton fertility and sedimentation rates (e. g. in upwelling areas) favour the preservation of skeletal opal and its later transformation into authigenic opal-CT and clinoptilolite. Volcanic glass is less easily dissolved and leads to the precipitation of authigenic smectite and phillipsite, but not to the formation of porcellanites and cherts.In general, silica diagenesis proceeds as a discontinuous age-, burial- and facies-dependant maturation from instable biogenic opal (opal-A) via metastable opal-CT (disordered low-temperature cristobalite/tridymite) to stable quartz. Opal-CT is always the precursor silica phase (precipitated 10–65 m.y. after deposition), followed by the formation of genuine quartz cherts (about 50–140 m.y. after deposition of the original siliceous oozes). Already during early diagenesis, accessory quartz is directly precipitated in porcellanites and fills voids or replaces calcitic fossils.Whereas the opal-Aopal-CT transformation usually involves a solution step, opaline skeletons can also be transformedin situ into opal-CT. A maturation of the opal-CT structure takes place with increasing burial depth, which later leads to an opal-CT quartz transformation, possibly without any major silica mobilization.Altough age/burial depth diagrams show a wide overlap for the distribution of opal-A, opal-CT, and quartz, a general positive correlation of the maturity of the silica phases with these parameters is evident. On the other hand, the rate of the opal-Aopal-CT transformation is slightly faster in calcareous than in clayey sediments, whereas clayey facies retards the opal-CTquartz transformation considerably. However, the silica transformations are not only controlled by the factors time, burial depth (temperature) and host rock facies, but also by additional, largely unknown parameters.

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Résumé Dans le cycle SiO₂ des océans les organismes siliceux sont les fournisseurs principaux de SiO₂. Les autres sources de silice, volcanogénes ou autres, sont de moindre importance. Une haute productivité de plancton siliceux alliée à un taux d'accumulation élevé (par exemple, dans les zones des upwellings) favorisent la conservation de l'opale biogène et sa transformation subséquente en opale-CT et en clinoptilolite. Les verres volcaniques se dissolvent plus lentement et donnent des smectites authigènes et des phillipsites, mais pas de cherts.En général, la diagénèse de la silice se poursuit comme un processus des maturation discontinu, dépendant des facteurs temps, profondeur, température et faciès: au cours de ce cycle, l'opale biogène instable (»opale-A«) se transforme en opale-CT métastable (-cristobalite/tridymite avec désordre unidimensionnel), puis en quartz stable. L'opale-CT est donc toujours la première phase SiO₂ (précipité 10–65 Ma après le dépÔt du sédiment), suivi plus tard (50–140 Ma après le dépÔt des sédiments biosiliceux originaux) par des cherts à quartz. Indépendamment, du quartz accessoire peut Être précipité au cours d'un stade précoce de la diagénèse dans les porcellanites, ou il remplit les vacoules ou remplace la calcite des fossiles.Alors que la transformation de l'opale-A en opale-CT s'opère, de manière générale, par l'intermédiaire d'une phase de dissolution, les restes des organismes siliceux peuvent Être transformésin situ en opale-CT. La grille de l'opale-CT subit un processus de maturation structurale en relation avec la profondeur et la température, visible par l'analyse aux rayons X. C'est cette maturation de la grille qui conduira plus tard à la transformation de l'opale-CT en quartz, cette étape pouvant avoir lieu sans dissolution totale ni reprécipitation.Bien que les diagrammes âges-profondeurs montrent des recouvrements importants de l'opale-A, de l'opale-CT et du quartz, on peut remarquer souvent une corrélation positive entre la maturité des phases de silice et ces paramètres. La transformation de l'opale biogène en opale-CT authigène se poursuit toutefois un peu plus rapidement en milieu carbonatique qu'en milieu argileux, alors que les faciès argileux freinent considérablement la transformation d'opale-CT en quartz. Cependant les transformations de SiO₂ ne sont pas uniquement dirigées par les facteurs temps, profondeur (température) et faciès du sédiment-hÔte. D'autres paramètres encore mal connus semblent jouer un rÔle important au cours de ces phénomènes.

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Geringfügig erweiterte Fassung eines auf der 69. Jahrestagung der Geologischen Vereinigung in Heidelberg gehaltenen übersichtsreferates.  相似文献   

Brines and evaporites of the Lake Chad basin,Africa     

Hans P. Eugster  Gilbert Maglione 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1979,43(7):973-981

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Turbulence characteristics in a near neutrally stratified urban atmosphere   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

Ulf Högström  Hans Bergström  Hans Alexandersson 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1982,23(4):449-472

Turbulence measurements from the city of Uppsala, Sweden, are analysed. Measurements were taken at two sites: one in the central area, ca. 6 m above roof level, the average building height being ca. 15 m; the other at ca. 8 and 50 m above the ground on a tower situated 100 m downwind of a sharp discontinuity between the densely built-up urban area and flat grass-covered land. The average stability was close to neutral, the range being -0.2 < z/L < 0.2. The main emphasis of the study is on the non-dimensional standard deviations of the velocity components _i /u _*t and on the corresponding non-dimensional energy spectra, u _*t being a local velocity scale defined as _i /( _l is the local momentum flux). Comparison with results obtained from surface-layer measurements at ideal sites (with u _*, being the ordinary friction velocity) shows good general agreement. The most complete agreement is found for the tower 50 m measurements, a result which is notable as this measurement point is found to be within a distinctly transitional zone between the urban and post-urban boundary layers. The results from the central city measurement point are also fairly close to the ideal results, the deviations found being small in view of the fact that the site is probably inside the layer in which the roughness elements (the buildings) have direct influence. The measurements at the tower 8 m level show certain distinct deviations from ideal results: all three _i /u _*l , are higher by ca. 10%, the excessive energy being found at the low frequency end of the spectrum. Arguments are presented for this feature to be due to a spectral lag effect.  相似文献   

Radiological investigations in the western Baltic Sea and the Baltic Proper,including the Danish straits,during 1981     

Dr. Hans Kautsky  Hans-Friedrich Eicke 《Ocean Dynamics》1982,35(5):211-221

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