Active regions and the large scale flow in the solar photosphere     

Victor P. Starr  Hans J. E. Fischer 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1971,92(1):219-232

Summary Statistics on sunspot leaders and followers in active regions are derived from the 50 years of Greenwich records 1905–1954. The results are combined with the probable structure of large scale solar eddies as synthesized from various relevant pieces of information. It is found that active regions tend to be located in anticyclonic ridges of the large disturbances. The statistical leader and follower populations are further subdivided, each into new and old spot classifications. The new leaders, especially, show motions different from those of other spots, suggesting the presence of a life cycle for the large disturbances. It is found that the divergence and vorticity are positive and anticyclonic, respectively, for the new active regions, the former quantity being numerically larger than the latter in this case. Various possible implications of the material are discussed.  相似文献   

Earth resources,time, and man — A geoscience perspective     

von Engelhardt  W.  Goguel  Jean  Hubbert  M. King  Prentice  J. E.  Price  R. A.  Trümpy  R. 《Environmental Geology》1976,1(4):193-206

The earth with all its inhabitants, including man, has had a long history as a slowly evolving complex system which normally exists in a state of stable dynamic equilibrium. Explosive growth in the human population, in the per capita use of nonrenewable resources, and in the degree of human disruption of established ecosystems — the hallmark of man's recent and rapid emergence as the dominant species on the face of the earth — represents a major departure from this state of equilibrium and an ecological crisis of global dimensions. This growth, and the rapid changes that arise from it, have had such a pervasive influence on the collective experience of man that they have come to be regarded as the normal course of events on a stable earth. This has fostered the notion that growth will always be essential for further improvements in the quality of human life. The emergence of a global technological civilization results from man's ingenuity in devising ways of using an ever increasing proportion of energy available at the earth's surface. Rapid growth began only two hundred years ago when the developing technology of the industrial revolution made possible the large-scale exploitation of the earth's fossil-fuel resources and the creation of positive feedback between growth in technology and growth in fossil-fuel production. Annual growth rates in world production of fossil fuels and ores of representative industrial metals, when compared with the nature and finite magnitude of the earth's resources, lead to the inescapable conclusion that the present episode of exponential growth can only be a transitory epoch of a few centuries duration within the totality of human history. Solar radiation offers the prospect of large supplies of energy with minimal environmental impact. However, constraints on growth due to the finite nature of food and mineral resources and the effects of environmental degradation can only be loosened in this way, not removed. Mankind faces an inevitable transition from a brief interlude of exponential growth to a stable condition characterized by rates of growth so slow as to be regarded essentially as a state of no growth. Failure to respond rationally and promptly to this situation could be disastrous.  相似文献   

Indications of fluid immiscibility in glass from West Clearwater Lake impact crater,Quebec, Canada     

M. R. Dence  W. von Engelhardt  A. G. Plant  L. S. Walter 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1974,46(2):81-97

Glass from the West Clearwater Lake hypervelocity impact crater contains numerous spheroids, 10 to 500 μm across, which appear to have formed at high temperatures as fluids immiscible in the enclosing melt. The spheroids are distinguished from small, normal, largely void gas vesicles, which are also present, by being completely filled in all cases; by having fillings which vary in composition from spheroid to spheroid, even between spheroids in close association; and by indications that the present fillings are representative of the contents present before the matrix melt chilled. Most of the spheroids are classified petrographically into three types. Type I, the most numerous, includes all spheroids>100 μm and are filled with uncommon pale brown to yellow montmorillonites with an unusual structure intermediate between dioctahedral montmorillonite and saponite. Type II, brown and green, are filled with Fe-rich montmorillonites, while Type III are aluminia-rich montmorillonites crystallized into mica-like sheaves. Rare, small spheroids are filled with calcite or silica. In a few cases one spheroid encloses another of similar or different type. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that with few exceptions Types I and III spheroids belong to a Mg series of montmorillonites in which the main chemical variation is the substitution of Mg for Al. A second Fe-K series includes Type II and a few Type I spheroids and shows substitution of Fe by Al, relatively high K₂O and, in the alumina-rich members, low SiO₂. The close association of spheroids with deformed, embayed lechatelierite inclusions indicates that they formed while the latter were liquid, i.e. at temperatures above 1700°C, as rapidly moving impact melt engulfed highly shocked inclusions of quartz-bearing country rock. The preservation of spheroids in the West Clearwater Lake glass is attributed mainly to the position of the glass masses within the breccias lining the crater floor. It is considered that the glass in this location did not achieve free flight but, as part of a large mass, cooled relatively slowly through the high temperature regime in which the spheroids were generated, and then, when detached, chilled rapidly to preserve a record of this transient stage in their history.  相似文献   

Vergleich dünner Sandlagen verschiedener Ablagerungsbereiche     

Prof. Dr. Hans -Erich Reineck 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1974,63(3):1087-1101

Thin sandlayers embedded in mud of various depositional sedimentary environments are compared. From a study of their characteristics such as grading, internal structure, size, lateral decrease of grain size and form, conclusions can be drawn about the various sedimentary environments.  相似文献   

Sauerstoff-Isotopenuntersuchungen an Mineralen eines metamorphen Profils der Hohen Tauern, Österreich     

Hans Friedrichsen  Georg Müller  Wolfgang Stahl 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1973,40(2):159-168

Oxygen isotope analyses on minerals of a metamorphic profile from Hohe Tauern, Austria indicate that the oxygen isotopes of the coexisting minerals quartz, garnet, and biotite have been reequilibrated during alpidic metamorphism. The K/Ar-ages of these biotites are in the range of 20–30 my. Metamorphic temperatures can be calculated from the quartz-biotite and quartz-garnet isotopic fractionations. The metamorphic temperature in the northern part of the region under investigation is 440° C and increases in direction to Tauernhauptkamm to about 600° C. Indicated by petrographic investigations, two samples from this area show no remarkable metamorphic influence. K/Ar-determinations on hornblendes and biotites yielded variscan ages.The isotopic temperatures of these samples, calculated by the oxygen isotope fractionations of quartz-biotite, quartz-magnetite, and feldspar-magnetite are equal within the limits of instrumental error and represent the crystallisation temperature of a granodioritic magma of 660–670° C.  相似文献   

Assemblages among tephroite,pyroxmangite, rhodochrosite,quartz: Experimental data and occurrences in the Rhetic Alps     

Tjerk Peters  Hans Schwander  Volkmar Trommsdorff 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1973,42(4):325-332

Reactions involving the phases quartz-rhodochrosite-tephroite-pyroxmangite-fluid have been studied experimentally in the system MnO-SiO₂-CO₂-H₂O at a pressure of 2 000 bars and resulted in the following expressions 1 $$\begin{gathered} {\text{Rhodochrosite + Quartz = Pyroxmangite + CO}}_2 \hfill \\ {\text{ log}}_{{\text{10}}} K^{{\text{2000 bars}}} = - \frac{{11.765}}{T} + 18.618. \hfill \\ {\text{Rhodochrosite + Pyroxmangite = Tephroite + CO}}_2 \hfill \\ {\text{ log}}_{{\text{10}}} K^{{\text{2000 bars}}} = - \frac{{7.083}}{T} + 11.870. \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ which can be used to derive data for the remaining two reactions among the phases under consideration. Field data from the Alps are in agreement with the metamorphic sequence resulting from the experiments.  相似文献   

Rezente marine Eisenerze auf Santorin,Griechenland     

Harald Puchelt  Hans Hartmut Schock  Erich Schroll  Helmut Hanert 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1973,62(3):786-812

Recent iron sediments forming at present in a bay of the volcanic island Palaea Kameni within the caldera of Santorini, Aegean Sea, have been investigated for their mineralogy and geochemistry. For the first time siderite has been found in a marine environment to be major constituent of a recent sediment. Further main constituents are opal, ferric hydroxide, vivianite, ferrous hydroxide, and possibly ferrous silicate. The chemical composition both of the solid material of the sediment cores and of their pore solution indicate that the ore forming solutions have originated from the leaching of volcanic kalk-alcaline rocks by hot acid solutions. This is in agreement with experimental leaching of these rock types. No enrichment of lead, copper, zinc etc. was found in the sediments. Iron oxidizing bacteria in the reddish-brown ferric hydroxide sediments now forming in bays of the Kameni Islands have been studied by light and electron microscopic investigations. Samples from the uppermost parts of the sediment consist mainly of the ferric hydroxide stalks of the iron bacteriumGallionella ferruginea. The stalks showing their morphological characteristics occur in such masses that there is no doubt concerning the presence, activity and share of these bacteria in the process of iron sedimentation. Phases of sedimentation process and kinetics of ferric hydroxide stalk formation have been determined qualitatively and quantitatively by in-situ-experiments using artificial growing surfaces (underwater “Aufwuchs” on glass slides). The results obtained are compared to similar iron sedimentation in fresh water habitats and iron rich carbonate springs discussed in literature in connection with the problem of submarine exhalative sedimentary iron ore formation.  相似文献   

Seismotektonische Traverse von der Nordsee bis zum Apennin     

Dr. Ludwig Ahorner  Prof. Dr. Hans Murawski  Dr. Götz Schneider 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1972,61(3):915-942

Zusammenfassung Die auf ihre Erdbebentätigkeit hin untersuchte Traverse ist 1300 km lang und erstreckt sich von der Doggerbank (54° N) bis zum nördlichen Apennin (44° N). In einem Tiefenschnitt entlang der Traverse wird die räumliche Verteilung der Erdbebenherde betrachtet. In der Zahl der Herde und ihrer Anordnung zeigen sich Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Teilgebieten der Traverse (Niederrheinische Bucht, Oberrhein-Graben, Schwäbische Alb, Alpen, Apennin). Bezüglich der Herdtiefe ist ein gemeinsames Merkmal fast aller Gebiete, daß sich die Erdbebenherde auf die oberen 20–25 km der Erdkruste beschränken. Die stärkste seismische Aktivität ist im Tiefenbereich von 2–12 km festzustellen. Dieses Ergebnis ist für das Verhalten der einzelnen Krustenabschnitte bei rezenter Bruchtektonik von Bedeutung. Lediglich im Bereich der Doggerbank scheinen die Herde an der Basis der Erdkruste oder im obersten Erdmantel zu liegen, was auf besondere seismotektonische Verhältnisse in diesem Gebiet hindeutet. Demgegenüber zeigt die Herdtiefenverteilung im Alpengebiet trotz abweichender Krustenstruktur keine Besonderheiten gegenüber dem nördlichen und südlichen Vorland. Vergleicht man den aus seismographischen Messungen abgeleiteten rezenten Spannungszustand von Erdbebengebiet zu Erdbebengebiet, so ergibt sich für die Alpen und das nördlich anschließende Gebiet bis zur Nordsee ein sehr einheitliches Bild für die Orientierung der horizontalen Hauptspannungen (größte Hauptspannung NW-SE, kleinste Hauptspannung SW-NE). Im Apennin ist die Spannungsverteilung gerade umgekehrt.

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The seismic activity has been studied along a profile reaching from the North Sea to the northern part of the Apennine mountains covering 1300 km in length. A cross section of the Earth's crust along the profile forms the basis for this study. There are differences in number and spatial distribution of the foci between the different structure units of the studied region as the Lower Rhine Basin, the Upper Rhinegraben, the Swabian Jura, the Alps and the Apennines. It is a common feature of all epicentral regions that nearly all earthquake foci are situated inside the upper crust. This result is important regarding the behavior of different parts of the Earth's crust under the conditions of recent fracture tectonics. It seems that only in the North Sea region the foci reach depths near the Moho indicating the special seismotectonic situation of this area. On the other hand there could not be found any remarkable differences in the distribution of focal depths between the Alps and their northern and southern forelands although the crustal structure is quite different. Comparing the recent stress distribution as deduced from seismograph records for the different focal regions there results a very uniform picture for the orientation of the principal stress directions.

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Résumé Le présent travail étude l'activité séismique d'un profil qui s'étend sur 1300 km de longeur du Doggerbank (54° N) jusqu'à 1' Apennin septentrional et dans lequel on considère la distribution spatiale des foyers séismiques. Il existe, tant dans le nombre des foyers que dans leur distribution, des différences selon les régions traversées par le profil (Bassin du Rhin inférieur, le fossé rhénan, le Jura souabe, les Alpes et les Apennins). Caractéristique commune à presque toutes les régions, les foyers des séismes sont confinés aux quelque 20–25 km supérieurs de la croûte terrestre. Il faut signaler que l'activité séismique la plus marquée se trouve dans les profondeurs de 2 à 12 km. Ce résultat est important quand on regarde le comportement de chacun des secteurs de la croûte terrestre au cours de la tectonique récente. C'est seulement dans la région du Doggerbank que les foyers semblent se trouver à la base de la croûte terrestre ou dans la partie tout à fait supérieure du Manteau, ce qui indique des conditions séismoteetoniques particulières dans cette région. Par contre, la distribution des hypocentres dans les Alpes ne montre rien de particulier par rapport à l'avant-pays du sud et du nord, malgré la constitution différente de la croûte terrestre. Si l'on compare, en partant des mesures séismographiques, l'état récent de tension de région à région, on trouve pour les Alpes et la région attenant au Nord jusqu'à la Mer du Nord, une image très homogène concernant l'orientation des tensions principales suivant l'horizontale (tension principale la plus forte, direction NW-SE; tension la plus faible, direction SW-NE). Dans les Apennins, la répartition des tensions est inverse.

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, , 1300 Doggerbank (54°N) (44°N). . ( , , , , ). , 20–25 . 2–12 . . Doggerbank, , , , . , , . , , ( NW-SE, — SW-NE). .

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Ein Klein-Rammkolbenlot zur Gewinnung ungestörter Sedimentprofile   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hans Züllig 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1969,31(1):128-131

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Rammkolbenlot beschrieben, welches die Entnahme ungest?rter und lückenloser Bohrkerne bis etwa 2 m L?nge aus Tiefen bis etwa 300 m erm?glicht. Das Ger?t ist besonders für die routinem?ssige Untersuchung von Ablagerungsfolgen neuerer und neuester Zeit gedacht und leicht bedienbar.

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Summary A drilling rig, constructed as a combination of ramimer and piston sampler, is being described. The device enables to secure undistorted, complete drilling cores, up to 6 feet in length, from as deep as 1000 feet below surface. Routine investigations on the effects of recent sediment deposits are easily practiced.

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Die quartäre ‚Andesit“-Formation in der Hochkordillere Nord-Chiles     

Dr. Hans Pichler  Prof Dr. Werner Zeil 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1968,58(2):866-903

Zusammenfassung Im Anschluß an die Darstellung der känozoischen Rhyolith-Formation im Mittelabschnitt der Anden (Zeil &Pichler 1967) geben wir in dieser Arbeit einen Überblick über die quartäre Andesit-Formation in der Hochkordillere Nord-Chiles.Die Kulmination der Anden wird von Stratovulkanen und Lavaströmen geprägt, die im Pleistozän und Holozän entstanden sind. Die Vulkane erreichen Höhen von mehr als 6700 m und sitzen auf einem im Mittel 3900 bis 4000 m hohen Altiplano. Diese Andesit-Formation ist im Großen in die ältere Struktur des Anden-Bogens eingepaßt, folgt aber im Detail jüngeren Frakturen, die vermutlich als Folge des Aufstiegs der Schmelzen entstanden. Die rezente Tätigkeit ist gering.Geländearbeiten, 24 neue chemische Analysen, Bestimmungen der Spurenelemente und petrologische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß während der quartären vulkanischen Tätigkeit keine Andesite und Basalte, sondern Latitandesite bis Rhyodacite, vorwiegend aber quarzführende Latitandesite gefördert wurden.Die Entstehung der intermediären Schmelzen in der Hochkordillere kann nach unserer Auffassung am besten durch partielle oder vollständige Aufschmelzung von Teilen der unteren Sial-Kruste erklärt werden. Für die Bildung der Andesite der Anden durch Kristallisations-Differentiation von simatischem basaltischem Magma fanden wir keine Hinweise. Der Vergleich mit den vulkanischen Förderprodukten der im östlichen Pazifik gelegenen Juan Fernández-Inseln zeigt die deutlichen Unterschiede zwischen ozeanischem und kontinentalem orogenem Vulkanismus.Mit den bis jetzt bekannten geophysikalischen Daten im Mittelabschnitt der Anden stehen unsere Ergebnisse im Einklang.

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Following the demonstration of the Cenozoic Rhyolite Formation in the central section of the Andes (Zeil &Pichler 1967), this paper deals with the Quaternary Andesite Formation in the High Cordillera of Northern Chile.The culmination of the Andes is marked by stratovolcanoes and lava flows dating from Pleistocene and Holocene time. The volcanoes reach up to more than 6700 metres in altitude and are perched upon an altiplano of an average altitude of 3900 to 4000 metres. On the whole, this Andesite Formation fits into the older structure of the bending of the Andes; in detail, however, it is following younger fractures which were presumably formed by the rising of the melts. Recent activity is scarce.Field work, 24 new chemical analyses, trace element determinations and petrological investigations have shown that during Quaternary volcanic activity no andesites and basalts, but latite-andesites to rhyodacites, and predominantly quartz-bearing latite-andesites were erupted.The origination of intermediate melts in the High Cordillera may, in our opinion, be explained by partial or complete melting of parts of the lower sialic crust. As to the creation of the andesites of the Andes by crystallization differentiation of simatic basaltic magma, we did not find any indications. The comparison with the volcanic rocks of the Juan Fernández Islands situated in the eastern Pacific, shows the distinct differences between oceanic and continental orogenous volcanism.Our results are in agreement with the geophysical data so far known on the central section of the Andes.

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Résumé Faisant suite à la démonstration de la formation Rhyolithe cénozoique dans la partie centrale des Andes (Zeil &Pichler 1967), les auteurs présentent un aperçu sur la formation «Andésite» quaternaire dans la Haute Cordillère du nord de Chili.La culmination des Andes est marquée par des strato-volcans et des coulées de lave originant du Pleistocène et de l'Holocène. Les volcans atteignent des altitudes de plus de 6700 mètres et ils sont perchés sur un altiplano d'une altitude d'environ 3900 à 4000 mètres. En gros, cette formation «Andésite» est arrangée le long de la structure plus ancienne de la courbure des Andes. cependant en détail elle suit des fractures plus récentes développées présumablement par suite de l'ascension des bains de fusion. L'activité récente est minime.Des travaux de champs, 24 analyses chimiques nouvelles, des déterminations de traceurs et des recherches pétrologiques ont démontré que pendant l'activité volcanique quaternaire il n'y avait pas d'éruption d'andésites ni de basaltes, mais c'étaient des latite-andésites à rhyodacites, et surtout des latite-andésites quartzifères qui ont été projetées.L'origine des bains de fusion intermédiaires dans la Haute Cordillère peut être expliquée, à notre opinion, par une fusion partielle ou complète de parties de la croûte sialique inférieure. Quant à la formation des «andésites» des Andes par une différentiation de cristallisation d'un magma basaltique, nous n'en avons pas trouvé d'indications. La comparaison avec les produits d'émission volcanique des îles de Juan Fernandez situées au Pacifique oriental, montre les différences distinctes entre le volcanisme orogène océanique et continental.Nos résultats s'accordent bien avec les dates geophysicales connues à présent sur la partie centrale des Andes.

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