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151.
152.
Summary ?One of the most important features in analysing the climatology of any region is to study the precipitation and its periodicity
of different harmonics in order to study the behavior of the observed data. In this study the amplitude of frequencies, phase
angle and basic statistical parameters are calculated in order to depict spatial characteristics of precipitation over Jordan.
Precipitation records of 17 stations were chosen according to climatic regions of Jordan. The first and second harmonic analyses
explain more than 90% of the precipitation variation in Jordan effectively. The amplitudes of the first and second harmonic
were calculated in order to describe the climatic regions in the country. The maximum amplitudes were found in the northern
mountainous region. The phase angle representing the time of maximum rainfall is also used in the form of a contour chart.
It is found that Jordan has its main rainfall season in winter with maximum around January. The coefficient of variation shows
the high variability of rainfall of the country.
Received February 4, 2002; revised August 1, 2002; accepted August 6, 2002 相似文献
153.
The Afyon stratovolcano exhibits lamprophyric rocks, emplaced as hydrovolcanic products, aphanitic lava flows and dyke intrusions, during the final stages of volcanic activity. Most of the Afyon volcanics belong to the silica-saturated alkaline suite, as potassic trachyandesites and trachytes, while the products of the latest activity are lamproitic lamprophyres (jumillite, orendite, verite, fitztroyite) and alkaline lamprophyres (campto-sannaite, sannaite, hyalo-monchiquite, analcime–monchiquite). Afyon lamprophyres exhibit LILE and Zr enrichments, related to mantle metasomatism. 相似文献
154.
Ankara Creek is often subjected to overflowing of sewage caused by rainfall or direct discharge of raw sewage. Alluvial aquifers
adjacent to Ankara Creek and its tributaries have considerable groundwater potential. The present status of groundwater quality
is far from drinking water standards. Groundwater contamination in Ankara is suspected to be caused by Ankara Creek which
is heavily polluted by raw sewage discharge, surface runoff and other common sources. In order to investigate the influence
of heavily polluted Ankara Creek on the groundwater contamination in the adjacent alluvial aquifers, five sampling stations
on Ankara Creek and 25 water wells were monitored during 1996. At five different sampling periods, water samples were collected
from both surface water and groundwater. Chemical analyses of basic ions, pollution parameters and heavy metals in natural
waters were carried out. The organic pollution prevails in Ankara Creek whereas total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metal
concentrations are considerably low. Starting from the idea that Ankara Creek somewhat influences the groundwater quality
and the contaminants in groundwater should attenuate with respect to distance, a series of water wells in a certain area,
each having different distance from the creek, were examined using four pollution parameters. It is concluded that Ankara
Creek barely influences the aquifer systems in connection. This is attributed to two reasons: rapid attenuation of contaminants
due to dilution in groundwater and a blanket of very fine sized materials covering the bottom of Ankara Creek.
Received: 28. April 1997 · Accepted: 23. February 1998 相似文献
155.
A model for the conservation of geological remains as documents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Geological remains are conserved mainly either together with living beings for the sake of the integrity of nature or for
their economical or aesthetic value. However, they also have scientific value for the geologist to reconstruct the earth's
past. For this reason we propose a model which is an application of marginal utility theory in economics and takes into account
the informational utility of geological remains. Informational utility of geological remains ranges over their geological significance which is induced by the importance of the geological processes that produce them, and over their spatial extensiveness. Our model takes into account also the cost and budget of conservation and proposes to solve the differential equations of informational utility and cost simultaneously in order
to obtain the optimum quantity of the remains to be conserved.
Received: 9 January 1998 · Accepted: 4 February 1998 相似文献
156.
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The comparison of the Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and F10.7 solar flux effects on Total Mass Density (TMD) obtained from NRLMSIS-00 model for 90 km altitude of... 相似文献
157.
In this study, two different historical structures built in Trabzon have been processed by ambient vibrations and seismic refraction measurements. One of the investigated historical structures is the Atatürk Pavilion built in the nineteenth century, and the other one is Hagia Sophia which was built in the thirteenth century. These two buildings are among the most important historical buildings in Trabzon and are very important for the tourism of the city. In order to determine peak/s frequency and amplitude from the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (HVSRs), we have performed several measurements of ambient vibrations both inside (at different floors) and outside (on the ground) of structures. We have also conducted seismic prospecting to evaluate the vertical 1D and 2D profile of longitudinal and shear seismic waves, Vp and Vs, respectively. To this purpose, we have performed seismic refraction tomography and MASW. Ambient vibrations and seismic measurements were compared with each other. The results show that average predominant frequencies and HVSR amplitudes of inside and outside of Atatürk Pavilion are 4.0 Hz, 7.8 Hz and 2.6, 2.3, respectively. The Vp values vary from 300 to 2070 m/s, and the Vs for maximum effective depth is up to 790 m/s in Atatürk Pavilion. On the other hand, average predominant frequencies and HVSR amplitudes of inside and outside of Hagia Sophia and its tower are 4.7, 4.4 and 2.4 Hz and 1.6, 1.8 and 6.9, respectively. Vp values range from 450 to 2200 m/s, and Vs for maximum effective depth is also up to 1000 m/s in Hagia Sophia. The frequency values (F0?=?Vs/4 h) calculated from the velocities up to the maximum effective depth for Atatürk Pavilion are in good agreement with the predominant frequency values determined from ambient vibrations. Atatürk Pavilion and Hagia Sophia soils have been classed according to Eurocode 8 by using VS30 values. The class was defined as “B.” Moreover, the bedrock in studied area is basalt. The high Vp and Vs values are also compatible with the lithology. The HVSR curves measured at the Hagia Sophia show the presence of clear peaks when compared to the Atatürk Pavilion. At the same time, there are marked velocity changes in the Vs sections calculated in both areas. As a result, in both areas there are significant impedance contrasts in the subsoil. However, this impedance contrast is more evident in Hagia Sophia. This could be also compatible with a lithological transition. The possible soil–structure interaction was investigated by using all the results and evaluated in terms of resonance risk. It is thought that the probability of resonance risk at Atatürk Pavilion is low according to the ambient vibrations measurements. However, resonance risk should be taken into consideration at Hagia Sophia site since the predominant frequency values are very close to each other. Finally, this site should be investigated in detail and necessary precautions should be taken against the risk of resonance. 相似文献
158.
Ocean Dynamics - Some efforts have been done by previous researchers and scientists to represent the spectral behavior of wind waves in the Persian Gulf by analyzing real-time data, but in most of... 相似文献
159.
Thick forest cover and poor infrastructures are the major hindrances for detailed lithologic mapping in an inaccessible montane landscape. To overcome these limitations, we utilize a Landsat 5 TM image to map lithology using vegetation and drainage pattern as an indicator of underlying rock types in a heavily forested region of the Chittagong Hill Tracts area located in southeastern Bangladesh. We use supervised and unsupervised classifiers for a vegetation-based approach while on-screen digitization is used for drainage patterns-based mapping. Field observations were used for mapping lithology and evaluating accuracy. Overall, our results agree well with the current geologic map and improve it by providing a more spatially detailed distribution of the sandstone and shale. The performances of all approaches are good at the inner and outer flanks of anticlines located in the study area while the drainage pattern mapping performs best at the mid-flank area. 相似文献
160.
Investigation on landslide phenomenon is necessary for understanding and delineating the landslide prone and safer places for different land use practices. On this basis, a new model known as genetic algorithm for the rule set production was applied in order to assess its efficacy to obtain a better result and a more precise landslide susceptibility map in Klijanerestagh area of Iran. This study considered twelve landslide conditioning factors (LCF) like altitude, slope, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, topographic wetness index (TWI), distance from rivers, faults, and roads, land use/cover, and lithology. For modeling purpose, the Genetic Algorithm for the Rule Set Production (GARP) algorithm was applied in order to produce the landslide susceptibility map. Finally, to evaluate the efficacy of the GARP model, receiver operating characteristics curve as well as the Kappa index were employed. Based on these indices, the GARP model predicted the probability of future landslide incidences with the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC-ROC) values of 0.932, and 0.907 for training and validating datasets, respectively. In addition, Kappa values for the training and validating datasets were computed as 0.775, and 0.716, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the GARP algorithm can be a new but effective method for generating landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs). Furthermore, higher contribution of the lithology, distance from roads, and distance from faults was observed, while lower contribution was attributed to soil, profile curvature, and TWI factors. The introduced methodology in this paper can be suggested for other areas with similar topographical and hydrogeological characteristics for land use planning and reducing the landslide damages. 相似文献