IAHS AND OPERATIONAL HYDROLOGY     

Jaromir Nèmec 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):488-490

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Realisation of a fully‐deterministic microlensing observing strategy for inferring planet populations     

M. Dominik  U.G. Jrgensen  N.J. Rattenbury  M. Mathiasen  T.C. Hinse  S. Calchi Novati  K. Harpse  V. Bozza  T. Anguita  M.J. Burgdorf  K. Horne  M. Hundertmark  E. Kerins  P. Kjrgaard  C. Liebig  L. Mancini  G. Masi  S. Rahvar  D. Ricci  G. Scarpetta  C. Snodgrass  J. Southworth  R.A. Street  J. Surdej  C.C. Thne  Y. Tsapras  J. Wambsganss  M. Zub 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2010,331(7):671-691

Within less than 15 years, the count of known planets orbiting stars other than the Sun has risen from none to more than 400 with detections arising from four successfully applied techniques: Doppler‐wobbles, planetary transits, gravitational microlensing, and direct imaging. While the hunt for twin Earths is on, a statistically well‐defined sample of the population of planets in all their variety is required for probing models of planet formation and orbital evolution so that the origin of planets that harbour life, like and including ours, can be understood. Given the different characteristics of the detection techniques, a complete picture can only arise from a combination of their respective results. Microlensing observations are well‐suited to reveal statistical properties of the population of planets orbiting stars in either the Galactic disk or bulge from microlensing observations, but a mandatory requirement is the adoption of strictly‐deterministic criteria for selecting targets and identifying signals. Here, we describe a fully‐deterministic strategy realised by means of the ARTEMiS (Automated Robotic Terrestrial Exoplanet Microlensing Search) system at the Danish 1.54‐m telescope at ESO La Silla between June and August 2008 as part of the MiNDSTEp (Microlensing Network for the Detection of Small Terrestrial Exoplanets) campaign, making use of immediate feedback on suspected anomalies recognized by the SIGNALMEN anomaly detector. We demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of such an approach, and thereby the readiness for studying planet populations down to Earth mass and even below, with ground‐based observations. While the quality of the real‐time photometry is a crucial factor on the efficiency of the campaign, an impairment of the target selection by data of bad quality can be successfully avoided. With a smaller slew time, smaller dead time, and higher through‐put, modern robotic telescopes could significantly outperform the 1.54‐m Danish, whereas lucky‐imaging cameras could set new standards for high‐precision follow‐up monitoring of microlensing events (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

Pressure-induced structural transition in Ln2Zr2O7 (Ln = Ce, Nd, Gd) pyrochlores     

S. Surblé  S. Heathman  P. E. Raison  D. Bouëxière  K. Popa  R. Caciuffo 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2010,37(10):761-767

The structural behavior under pressure of three lanthanide pyrochlore zirconates Ln₂Zr₂O₇ (Ln³⁺ = Ce, Nd and Gd) has been investigated by X-ray diffraction up to 50 GPa. For all three compounds, a symmetry reduction from cubic to monoclinic is observed under increasing pressure dependant on a pressure value that increases with the ionic radius of the lanthanide ions, r _Ln. The cubic and monoclinic phases coexist over a wide pressure range which increases with r _Ln. The zero-pressure bulk modulus of the cubic phase, B ₀, and its pressure derivative, B ₀′, have been determined by fitting the experimental compressibility curves to the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state.  相似文献   

The fate of nitrogen and sulfur in hard-rock aquifers as shown by sulfate-isotope tracing     

Hélène Pauwels  Virginie Ayraud-Vergnaud  Luc Aquilina  Jérôme Molénat 《Applied Geochemistry》2010

Stable SO₄ isotopes (δ³⁴S_-SO4 and δ¹⁸O_-SO4), and more occasionally δ¹⁵N_-NO3 were studied in groundwater from seven hard-rock aquifer catchments. The sites are located in Brittany (France) and all are characterized by intensive agricultural activity. The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential use of these isotopes for highlighting the fate of both SO₄ and NO₃ in the different aquifer compartments. Nitrate-contaminated groundwater occurs in the regolith; δ³⁴S fingerprints the origin of SO₄, such as atmospheric deposition and fertilizers, and δ¹⁸O_-SO4 provides evidence of the cycling of S within soil. The correlation between the δ¹⁸O_-SO4 of sulfates and the δ¹⁵N_-NO3 of nitrates suggests that S and N were both cycled in soil before being leached to groundwater. Autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification was noted in fissured aquifers and in wetlands, respectively, the two processes being distinguished on the basis of stable SO₄ isotopes. During autotrophic denitrification, both δ³⁴S_-SO4 and δ¹⁸O_-SO4 decrease due to the oxidation of pyrite and the incorporation of O from the NO₃ molecule in the newly formed SO₄. Within wetlands, fractionation occurs of O isotopes on SO₄ in favour of lighter isotopes, probably through reductive assimilation processes. Fractionation of S isotopes is negligible as the redox conditions are not sufficiently reductive for dissimilatory reduction. δ³⁴S_-SO4 and δ¹⁸O_-SO4 data fingerprint the presence of a NO₃-free brackish groundwater in the deepest parts of the aquifer. Through mixing with present-day denitrified groundwater, this brackish groundwater can contribute to significantly increase the salinity of pumped water from the fissured aquifer.  相似文献   

Paleo-fluids characterisation and fluid flow modelling along a regional transect in Northern United Arab Emirates (UAE)   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Jean-Paul Callot  Liesbeth Breesch  Nicole Guilhaumou  François Roure  Rudy Swennen  Nadège Vilasi 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2010,3(4):413-437

In the Northern Emirates, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates of the Musandam parautochthonous units are tectonically overlain by siliciclastic units of the Hawasina–Sumeini allochthon, which derive from the former paleo-slope domain and a more distal basinal portion of the Arabian margin of the Tethys, respectively. All these tectonic units display numerous evidences of paleo-fluid circulations, accounting for dolomitisation and recrystallisation of the rock matrix (Musandam Platform units), as well as cementation of fractures. Polymict breccias of Upper Cretaceous Ausaq Formation which underlay the sole thrust of the Hawasina–Sumeini allochthon also record episodes of hydraulic fracturing, whereas fluid inclusion data indicate precipitation at high temperature in relation to paleo-fluid flow. Petrography of thin-sections (conventional and cathodoluminescence microscopic techniques) as well as fluid inclusion and stable isotopes analyses, were combined with micro-tectonic studies. These analytical data document (1) the paragenetic sequence of diagenetic products for the Musandam Platform (which constitutes a carbonate reservoir analogue) and Sumeini units of the Dibba Zone, as well as (2) the nature of the paleo-fluids circulating along fractures and the sole thrust of the Hawasina–Sumeini allochthon. The main results of this petrographic approach are qualitative, evidencing (1) the rapid and vertical transfer of hot fluids in the vicinity of the former slope to platform transition, accounting for episodes of hydrothermal dolomitisation, as well as (2) early (i.e. pre-orogenic) and late (i.e. post-orogenic) episodes of emersion of the carbonate units, accounting for additional interactions with meteoric fluids and karstification. In order to better link these diagenetic events with the overall burial, thermal and kinematic evolution of the Arabian margin, basin modelling with Ceres2D, including fluid flow and pore-fluid pressure modelling, was subsequently performed along a regional transect (D4) located in the vicinity of the samples localities and cross-cutting the Northern Oman Mountains from Dibba in the east up to the Arabian Gulf in the west. New subsurface constraints provided by deep seismic profiles were used to constrain the architecture of the cross-section, and to test various hypotheses on the lateral and vertical connection, timing and hydrodynamic behaviour of the faults. This Ceres basin modelling also provides new quantitative estimates of the paleo-fluid pathways, of the timing and velocities of the fluid transfers and of the evolution of pore-fluid pressures. Ultimately, this integration of petrographic studies on surface samples and coupled kinematic and fluid flow basin modelling provides an updated scenario for the succession of tectonically controlled episodes of fluid rock interactions, namely dolomitisation and karstification recorded in the Mesozoic platform carbonates of the Northern Emirates.  相似文献   

Spectroscopy of planetary atmospheres in our Galaxy     

Giovanna?TinettiEmail author  Thérèse?Encrenaz  Athena?Coustenis 《Astronomy and Astrophysics Review》2013,21(1):63

About 20 years after the discovery of the first extrasolar planet, the number of planets known has grown by three orders of magnitude, and continues to increase at neck breaking pace. For most of these planets we have little information, except for the fact that they exist and possess an address in our Galaxy. For about one third of them, we know how much they weigh, their size and their orbital parameters. For less than 20, we start to have some clues about their atmospheric temperature and composition. How do we make progress from here?We are still far from the completion of a hypothetical Hertzsprung–Russell diagram for planets comparable to what we have for stars, and today we do not even know whether such classification will ever be possible or even meaningful for planetary objects. But one thing is clear: planetary parameters such as mass, radius and temperature alone do not explain the diversity revealed by current observations. The chemical composition of these planets is needed to trace back their formation history and evolution, as happened for the planets in our Solar System. As in situ measurements are and will remain off-limits for exoplanets, to study their chemical composition we will have to rely on remote sensing spectroscopic observations of their gaseous envelopes.In this paper, we critically review the key achievements accomplished in the study of exoplanet atmospheres in the past ten years. We discuss possible hurdles and the way to overcome those. Finally, we review the prospects for the future. The knowledge and the experience gained with the planets in our solar system will guide our journey among those faraway worlds.  相似文献   

Photometric Calibration of the LASCO-C2 Coronagraph over 14 Years (1996 – 2009)     

B. Gardès  P. Lamy  A. Llebaria 《Solar physics》2013,283(2):667-690

We present a photometric calibration of the SOHO/LASCO-C2 coronagraph based on the analysis of all stars down to magnitude V=8 that transited its field of view during the past 14 years of operation (1996?–?2009), extending the previous work of Llebaria, Lamy, and Danjard (Icarus 182, 281, 2006). The pre-processing of the images incorporates the most recent determination of the evolution of the LASCO-C2 performances. The automatic procedure then analyzes some 260?000 images to detect, locate, and measure those stars. Aperture photometry is performed using four different aperture sizes, and the zero points (ZPs) of the photometric transformations between the LASCO-C2 magnitudes for its orange filter and the standard V magnitudes are determined after introducing a correction for the color of the stars. A new statistical method (“bootstrap”) is introduced to assess the confidence intervals of the mean yearly value of the ZPs. The correction for finite aperture required to derive the calibration coefficient for the surface photometry of extended sources is based on the reconstructed image of bright saturated stars and a robust model for the growth curve. The global temporal evolution of the sensitivity of LASCO-C2 is compatible with a continuous decrease at a rate of ≈?0.56 % per year. However, it is better described by two separate linear variations with a discontinuity at the time of the loss of SOHO. After the resumption of normal operations in 1999, the linear decrease of the sensitivity amounts to ≈?0.35 % per year.  相似文献   

Weather regimes over Senegal during the summer monsoon season using self-organizing maps and hierarchical ascendant classification. Part II: interannual time scale     

A. K. Guèye  Serge Janicot  A. Niang  S. Sawadogo  Benjamin Sultan  A. Diongue-Niang  S. Thiria 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(9-10):2251-2272

The aim of this work is to define over the period 1979–2002 the main synoptic weather regimes relevant for understanding the daily variability of rainfall during the summer monsoon season over Senegal. “Interannual” synoptic weather regimes are defined by removing the influence of the mean 1979–2002 seasonal cycle. This is different from Part I where the seasonal evolution of each year was removed, then removing also the contribution of interannual variability. As in Part I, the self-organizing maps approach, a clustering methodology based on non-linear artificial neural network, is combined with a hierarchical ascendant classification to compute these regimes. Nine weather regimes are identified using the mean sea level pressure and 850?hPa wind field as variables. The composite circulation patterns of all these nine weather regimes are very consistent with the associated anomaly patterns of precipitable water, mid-troposphere vertical velocity and rainfall. They are also consistent with the distribution of rainfall extremes. These regimes have been then gathered into different groups. A first group of four regimes is included in an inner circuit and is characterized by a modulation of the semi-permanent trough located along the western coast of West Africa and an opposite modulation on the east. This circuit is important because it associates the two wettest and highly persistent weather regimes over Senegal with the driest and the most persistent one. One derivation of this circuit is highlighted, including the two driest regimes and the most persistent one, what can provide important dry sequences occurrence. An exit of this circuit is characterised by a filling of the Saharan heat low. An entry into the main circuit includes a southward location of the Saharan heat low followed by its deepening. The last weather regime is isolated from the other ones and it has no significant impact on Senegal. It is present in June and September, and missing in July and August, meaning that this is a weather regime more specific of the intermediate seasons than the summer. It is included in a large-scale pattern covering the northern latitudes of Europe. The correspondence between these “interannual” synoptic weather regimes and the “pure” synoptic regimes defined in Part I has been established. By selecting a high statistical significance level for these correspondences, each of five out of nine “interannual” weather regimes has a close correspondence with one “pure” synoptic weather regime, one out of them have links with two “pure” regimes, and the last three regimes have no significant correspondence in terms of “pure” regimes. However when considering more moderate links, two out of these three regimes show a connection with a “pure” regime, and the last one remains isolated. The ensemble of the weather regimes occurrences can explain a significant part of interannual variability of summer rainfall amount over Senegal, especially linked to the driest and the wettest weather regimes occurrences. It is also shown that Senegal rainfall state is very sensitive to a small displacement or deformation of the weather regime patterns.  相似文献   

Sub-fossil chironomids are significant indicators of turbidity in shallow lakes of northeastern USA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Marie-Hélène Greffard  Émilie Saulnier-Talbot  Irene Gregory-Eaves 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,47(4):561-581

Small, shallow, temperate lakes are predominant landscape features in North America, however, little is known about their long-term ecosystem dynamics, and few data exist on the chironomid fauna they harbor. Using multivariate analyses, we defined relationships between sub-fossil chironomid assemblage composition and environmental variables in 26 shallow lakes of northeastern USA and quantified how differences in taxonomic resolution affect transfer function model performance. Using redundancy analysis, we found that chironomid assemblages are best explained by turbidity, dissolved inorganic carbon and drainage basin/lake area ratio. Turbidity explained the greatest proportion of variance found in the chironomid assemblage (10.4%), followed by total nitrogen. Through ordination analyses and an analysis of similarity, we found that macrophyte density was also a significant predictor of chironomid assemblages. We used partial least squares analysis to develop a robust model for quantitative reconstruction of turbidity, with r _jack² = 0.62. When using a more coarsely resolved taxonomic dataset, we found that model performance statistics were weaker, suggesting the need for fine-resolution taxonomy. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of variables related to lake trophic state in structuring chironomid assemblages in shallow, temperate lakes and provide tools for inferring past ecological changes in these ecosystems.  相似文献   

Invariance concepts and scalability of two-temperature astrophysical radiating fluids     

E. Falize  A. Dizière  B. Loupias 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2011,336(1):201-205

In this work, we present a classification of laboratory astrophysics experiments. We introduce different invariance concepts in order to build scaling laws and to determine the astrophysical relevant of laboratory experiments. Finally we present an analysis of the two-temperature radiating fluid scalability.  相似文献