Community perceptions of REDD+: a case study from Papua New Guinea     

Matthew Leggett  Heather Lovell 《Climate Policy》2013,13(1):115-134

REDD projects have received considerable attention for their potential to mitigate the effects of climatic change. However, the existing literature has been slow to assess the impacts of proposed REDD projects on the livelihoods of forest communities in the developing world, or the implications of these local realities for the success of REDD+ initiatives in general. This study presents ethnographic research conducted with communities within the April-Salomei pilot REDD+ Project in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Several cases of institutional biases and uneven power relationships have been exploited by local elites to prevent landowners from making free and informed choices about their involvement in the project, although landowners and local communities are well positioned to capture forthcoming project benefits. By underestimating the scale and impact of traditional shifting cultivation practices, the credibility of the REDD+ project design and the value of any future carbon credits are critically undermined. Based on the actual practices found in PNG, the authors' radical proposal is to call for a halt on REDD development in PNG while institutional enabling conditions are improved, comprehensive landowner consultations conducted, and detailed mapping and genealogical surveys of landowners completed. Without these developments, future REDD+ projects in PNG are unlikely to benefit either the global climate or local development.  相似文献   

Who has become more open to nuclear power because of climate change?     

Heather Barnes Truelove  Michael Greenberg 《Climatic change》2013,116(2):389-409

Even in the face of the March 2011 accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan, nuclear power is being promoted in the U.S. as a necessary response to global climate change. Conducted prior to the Fukushima accident, the present study used a nation-wide telephone survey of 2751 U.S. residents to assess the factors that influence whether a person has become more open to nuclear power because of global climate change rather than supportive or opposed to nuclear power. Results showed that belief that climate change is a risk and is human-caused, belief that nuclear energy contributes to climate change, environmental support, cultural worldviews, and selected socio-demographics consistently predicted openness to nuclear power because of climate change. Implications of the current results and avenues for additional research on this topic are discussed.  相似文献   

The fate and transport of nitrate in shallow groundwater in northwestern Mississippi, USA   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Heather L. Welch  Christopher T. Green  Richard H. Coupe 《Hydrogeology Journal》2011,19(6):1239-1252

Agricultural contamination of groundwater in northwestern Mississippi, USA, has not been studied extensively, and subsurface fluxes of agricultural chemicals have been presumed minimal. To determine the factors controlling transport of nitrate-N into the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, a study was conducted from 2006 to 2008 to estimate fluxes of water and solutes for a site in the Bogue Phalia basin (1,250 km²). Water-quality data were collected from a shallow water-table well, a vertical profile of temporary sampling points, and a nearby irrigation well. Nitrate was detected within 4.4 m of the water table but was absent in deeper waters with evidence of reducing conditions and denitrification. Recharge estimates from 6.2 to 10.9 cm/year were quantified using water-table fluctuations, a Cl^– tracer method, and atmospheric age-tracers. A mathematical advection-reaction model predicted similar recharge to the aquifer, and also predicted that 15% of applied nitrogen is leached into the saturated zone. With current denitrification and application rates, the nitrate-N front is expected to remain in shallow groundwater, less than 6–9 m deep. Increasing application rates resulting from intensifying agricultural demands may advance the nitrate-N front to 16–23 m, within the zone of groundwater pumping.  相似文献   

Paleoclimate and growth rates of speleothems in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula over the last two glacial cycles     

Heather M. Stoll  Ana Moreno  Ana Mendez-Vicente  Saul Gonzalez-Lemos  Montserrat Jimenez-Sanchez  Maria Jose Dominguez-Cuesta  R. Lawrence Edwards  Hai Cheng  Xianfeng Wang 《Quaternary Research》2013

Speleothem growth requires humid climates sufficiently warm to stimulate soil CO₂ production by plants. We compile 283 U/Th dates on 21 stalagmites from six cave systems in the NW coast of Spain to evaluate if there are patterns in stalagmite growth that are evidence of climatic forcing. In the oldest stalagmites, from marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 7–5, growth persists through the glacial period. Hiatuses and major reductions in growth rate occur during extreme minima in summer insolation. Stalagmites active during the last interglaciation cease growth at the MIS 5–4 boundary (74 ka), when regional sea-surface temperature cooled significantly. During MIS 3, only two stalagmites grew; rates were highest between 50 and 60 ka during the maximum in summer insolation. One stalagmite grew briefly at 41 ka, 36.5 and 28.6 ka, all during warm phases of the Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles. A pronounced Holocene optimum in stalagmite growth occurs from 9 to 6 ka. The cessation of most growth by 4.1 ka, coincident with broad increases in aridity over the Mediterranean and areas influenced by the North African Monsoon, suggest that regions such as NW Spain, with dominant Atlantic moisture sources, also experienced increased aridity at this time.  相似文献   

A stratigraphic study of southern Oceanus Procellarum using Clementine multispectral data     

D. J. Heather  S. K. Dunkin   《Planetary and Space Science》2002,50(14-15)

In this paper, we use Clementine multispectral data to demonstrate techniques from which spectrally distinct mare basalts can be mapped, and estimates of basalt thickness obtained. The region studied incorporates a portion of southern Oceanus Procellarum from 17.5°N to 20.5°S and 289°E to 317°E, including the Marius Hills, Damoiseau, Cavalerius and Flamsteed areas. Flamsteed provides a test area from which we validate the mapping techniques used in this work. Unit boundaries and basalt thickness details from these analyses are applied to the stratigraphy of the Oceanus Procellarum Group defined by Whitford-Stark and Head (J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 6579). A total of 13 basalts are recognised in the region, 10 of which are spectrally distinct, and three of which represent previously unrecognised Members of the Oceanus Procellarum Group. The average thickness of the basalts is between 160 and 625 m, ranging from tens to hundreds of metres near the mare/highland boundaries and consistently greater than several hundred metres closer to the centre of the mare. These values provide a range of basalt volume in the region of 0.7–2.8×10⁵ km³. This represents between 8% and 32% of the total volume of basalts in Oceanus Procellarum.  相似文献   

A review of solar type III radio bursts     

Hamish Andrew Sinclair Reid  ;Heather Ratcliffe 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2014,(7):773-804

Solar type III radio bursts are an important diagnostic tool in the understanding of solar accelerated electron beams. They are a signature of propagating beams of nonthermal electrons in the solar atmosphere and the solar system. Consequently, they provide information on electron acceleration and transport, and the conditions of the background ambient plasma they travel through. We review the observational properties of type III bursts with an emphasis on recent results and how each property can help identify attributes of electron beams and the ambient background plasma. We also review some of the theoretical aspects of type III radio bursts and cover a number of numerical efforts that simulate electron beam transport through the solar corona and the heliosphere.  相似文献   

Characterization of dissolved organic matter fluorescence in the South Atlantic Bight with use of PARAFAC model: Relationships between fluorescence and its components,absorption coefficients and organic carbon concentrations     

Piotr Kowalczuk  William J. Cooper  Michael J. Durako  Amanda E. Kahn  Michael Gonsior  Heather Young 《Marine Chemistry》2010,118(1-2):22-36

In this study, the CDOM absorption coefficient at 350 nm [a_CDOM(350)] and CDOM excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence were used to estimate annual fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the Cape Fear River to Long Bay in the South Atlantic Bight. Water samples were collected during a 3.5 year period, from October 2001 through March 2005, in the vicinity of the Cape Fear River (CFR) outlet and adjacent Onslow Bay (OB). Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of CDOM EEM spectra identified six components: three terrestrial humic-like, one marine humic-like and two protein-like. Empirical relationships were derived from the PARAFAC model between DOC concentration and a_CDOM(350), total fluorescence intensity and the intensities of respective EEM components. DOC concentration and CDOM optical parameters were very well correlated and R² values ranged from 0.77 to 0.90. Regression analyses revealed that the non-absorbing DOC fraction, in DOC concentration estimated from CDOM optical parameters, varied with the qualitative composition of the CDOM. DOC concentration and intensity of the humic-like CDOM components characterized by excitation maxima at longer wavelengths have significantly higher estimated non-absorbing DOC compared to the analogous relationships between DOC and intensity of the humic-like CDOM components characterized by excitation maxima at shorter wavelengths. The relationships between DOC concentration and intensity of one of the protein-like components resulted in significantly reduced non-absorbing DOC fraction in DOC concentration estimation. Results of regression analyses between fluorescence intensities of specific EEM components and CDOM-specific absorption coefficients suggest that the relative proportion of humic-like CDOM components (characterized by excitation maximum at longer wavelengths) and the main protein-like component have the most impact on the values of a?_CDOM(350). Based on the relationships between a_CDOM(350), Cape Fear River flow, and DOC concentrations, DOC fluxes were estimated for 2002, 2003 and 2004. DOC fluxes varied from 1.5 to 6.2 × 10¹⁰ g C yr^? 1, depending on river flow.  相似文献   

A coastal prediction system as an event response tool: Particle tracking simulation of an anhydrous ammonia spill in Tampa Bay   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Heather Havens  Mark E. Luther  Steven D. Meyers 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(8):1202-1209

A coastal prediction system for Tampa Bay, comprised of a numerical circulation model and Lagrangian particle transport model, rapidly produces hindcast/forecast simulations that alert authorities to high impact areas following the introduction of hazardous material into the bay. The effectiveness of the prediction system as an event response tool is evaluated during an anhydrous ammonia spill. A week-long simulation predicts the trajectory of the material due to winds and currents. Physical transport of the model particles alternates from being tidally driven to being driven both by wind action and residual circulation. A forecast simulation showing particle distribution drove field sampling that resulted in the detection of a Pseudo-nitzschia bloom likely initiated from excess ammonium in the bay. An online component of the coastal prediction system is in development to better manage response and mitigation efforts for future hazardous material spills in Tampa Bay.  相似文献   

Equality,diversity, inclusion: ensuring a resilient future for geomorphology     

Stephen Tooth  Heather A. Viles 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(1):5-11

Within and beyond academia, debates around equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) have been gathering pace. We focus on EDI and geomorphology and address four main questions: (1) why does EDI matter for geomorphology?; (2) what are the barriers to greater EDI in geomorphology?; (3) how can we address these EDI barriers?; (4) can we ensure a resilient future for geomorphology by addressing EDI? At a time of critical environmental, social and economic transition, we contend that addressing EDI is essential for ensuring a resilient geomorphology, defined here as a discipline that is seen to be adapting to these changing external circumstances so that it remains relevant, vibrant and accessible to a wide cross-section of society. Not doing so will limit the intellectual development of geomorphology, incur reputational risk for geomorphological groups and organizations like the British Society for Geomorphology, and ensure that the many potential benefits of geomorphology for science and society remain underutilized at best. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Narragansett Bay Hypoxic Event Characteristics Based on Fixed-Site Monitoring Network Time Series: Intermittency,Geographic Distribution,Spatial Synchronicity,and Interannual Variability     

Daniel L. Codiga  Heather E. Stoffel  Christopher F. Deacutis  Susan Kiernan  Candace A. Oviatt 《Estuaries and Coasts》2009,32(4):621-641

Low dissolved oxygen events were characterized in Narragansett Bay (NB), a moderate-size (370 km²) temperate estuary with a complex passage/embayment geometry, using time series from 2001 to 2006 at nine fixed-site monitoring stations. Metrics for event intensity and severity were the event-mean deficit relative to a threshold (mg O₂ l⁻¹) and the deficit-duration (mg O₂ l⁻¹ day; product of deficit and duration [day]). Hypoxia (threshold 2.9 mg O₂ l⁻¹) typically occurred intermittently from late June through August at most stations, as multiple (two to five per season) events each 2 to 7 days long with deficit-duration 2 to 5 mg O₂ l⁻¹ day. Conditions were more severe to the north and west, a pattern attributed to a north–south nutrient/productivity gradient and east–west structure of residual circulation. Spatial patterns for suboxic and severely hypoxic events (thresholds 4.8 and 1.4 mg O₂ l⁻¹) were similar. The view that different processes govern event variability in different regions, each influenced by local hydrodynamics, is supported by both weak spatial synchronicity (quantified using overlap of event times at different sites) and multiple linear regressions of biological and physical parameters against event severity. Interannual changes were prominent and season-cumulative hypoxia severity correlated with June-mean river runoff and June-mean stratification. Benthic ecological implications for areas experiencing events include: NB hypoxia classifies as periodic/episodic on a near-annual basis; highest direct mortality risk is to sensitive and moderately sensitive sessile species in the northern West Passage and western Greenwich Bay, with some risk to Upper Bay; direct risk to mobile species may be ameliorated by weak spatial synchronicity; and indirect impacts, including reduced growth rates and shifts in predator–prey balances, are very likely throughout the sampled area due to observed suboxic and hypoxic conditions.  相似文献