The two-body problem in the (truncated) PPN — Theory     

M. Soffel  H. Ruder  M. Schneider 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1987,40(1):77-85

The solution of the two-body problem in the (truncated) PPN theory is presented. It is given in two different analytical forms (the Wagoner-Will and Brumberg representation) and by the method of osculting elements.Work supported in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), SFB78.  相似文献   

Origin of regional climate differences: role of boundary conditions and model formulation in two GCMs     

Benjamin A. Cash  Edwin K. Schneider  Lennart Bengtsson 《Climate Dynamics》2005,25(7-8):709-723

Model differences in projections of extratropical regional climate change due to increasing greenhouse gases are investigated using two atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs): ECHAM4 (Max Planck Institute, version 4) and CCM3 (National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 3). Sea-surface temperature (SST) fields calculated from observations and coupled versions of the two models are used to force each AGCM in experiments based on time-slice methodology. Results from the forced AGCMs are then compared to coupled model results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 2 (CMIP2) database. The time-slice methodology is verified by showing that the response of each model to doubled CO₂ and SST forcing from the CMIP2 experiments is consistent with the results of the coupled GCMs. The differences in the responses of the models are attributed to (1) the different tropical SST warmings in the coupled simulations and (2) the different atmospheric model responses to the same tropical SST warmings. Both are found to have important contributions to differences in implied Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter extratropical regional 500 mb height and tropical precipitation climate changes. Forced teleconnection patterns from tropical SST differences are primarily responsible for sensitivity differences in the extratropical North Pacific, but have relatively little impact on the North Atlantic. There are also significant differences in the extratropical response of the models to the same tropical SST anomalies due to differences in numerical and physical parameterizations. Differences due to parameterizations dominate in the North Atlantic. Differences in the control climates of the two coupled models from the current climate, in particular for the coupled model containing CCM3, are also demonstrated to be important in leading to differences in extratropical regional sensitivity.  相似文献   

Siderophile-element anomalies in CK carbonaceous chondrites: Implications for parent-body aqueous alteration and terrestrial weathering of sulfides     

Heinz Huber  Alan E. Rubin  John T. Wasson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(15):4019-4037

CK chondrites constitute the most oxidized anhydrous carbonaceous chondrite group; most of the Fe occurs in magnetite and in FeO-rich mafic silicates. The two observed CK falls (Karoonda and Kobe), along with thirteen relatively unweathered CK finds, have unfractionated siderophile-element abundance patterns. In contrast, a sizable fraction of CK finds (9 of 24 investigated) shows fractionated siderophile abundance patterns including low abundances of Ni, Co, Se and Au; the most extreme depletions are in Ni (0.24 of normal CK) and Au (0.14 of normal CK). This depletion pattern has not been found in other chondrite groups. Out of the 74 CK chondrites listed in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database (2006; excluded considerably paired specimens; see http://tin.er.usgs.gov/meteor/metbull.php) we analyzed 24 and subclassified the CK chondrites in terms of their chemical composition and sulfide mineralogy: sL (siderophiles low; six samples) for large depletions in Ni, Co, Se and Au (>50% of sulfides lost); sM (siderophiles medium; two CKs) for moderately low Ni and Co abundances (sulfides are highly altered or partly lost); sH (siderophiles high; one specimen) for enrichments in Ni, Co, Se and Au; ‘normal’ for unfractionated samples (13 samples). The sole sH sample may have obtained additional sulfide from impact redistribution in the parent asteroid. We infer that these elements became incorporated into sulfides after asteroidal aqueous processes oxidized nebular metal; thermal metamorphism probably also played a role in their mineral siting. The siderophile losses in the sL and sM samples are mainly the result of oxidation of pentlandite, pyrite and violarite by terrestrial alteration followed by leaching of the resulting phases. Some Antarctic CK chondrites have lost most of their sulfides but retained Ni, Co, Se and Au, presumably as insoluble weathering products.  相似文献   

A Degenerate Bifurcation In The Hénon-Heiles Family     

Heinz Hanßmann  Britta Sommer 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2001,81(3):249-261

The normalised Hénon–Heiles family exhibits a degenerate bifurcation when passing through the separable case =0. We clarify the relation between this degeneracy and the integrability at =0. Furthermore we show that the degenerate bifurcation carries over to the Hénon–Heiles family itself.  相似文献   

Validation of vulnerability mapping methods by field investigations and numerical modelling   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

Christoph Neukum  Heinz Hötzl  Thomas Himmelsbach 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(4):641-658

Vulnerability maps illustrate the potential threat of contaminants to groundwater and can be considered as important tools for land-use planning and related legislation. For karst areas with characteristic preferential infiltration conditions, vulnerability maps are also excellent tools for source and resource protection. However, the resulting qualitative maps are often inconsistent and even contradictive and thus might lead to inconclusive vulnerability assessments. The results of a validation of vulnerability maps produced using four different methods, DRASTIC, GLA, PI and EPIK, are reported for a karst area in southwest Germany. By means of measured hydraulic and transport parameters of the geological sequence, numerical simulations were used based on a conceptual model for the area under study. The mean transit time through the unsaturated zone (resource protection) was used as the validation parameter. The study demonstrates that the highest level of accuracy is achieved with the GLA- and PI methods. Both DRASTIC and EPIK are not able to incorporate highly variable distributions and thickness of cover sediments and their protective properties in the respective mapping procedure. Thus, vulnerability maps produced with DRASTIC, EPIK, and related methods should be used with care when employed in vulnerability assessments for land use planning and related decision-making.

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Résumé  Les cartes de vulnérabilité illustrent la menace potentielle des contaminants envers les eaux souterraines, et peuvent être considérées comme des outils importants en matière d'aménagement foncier et de réglementation associée. Sur les domaines karstiques, caractérisés par des conditions d'infiltration préférentielle, ces cartes sont également d'excellents outils de protection des sources et des ressources. Cependant, les cartes qualitatives résultantes sont généralement incohérentes voire contradictoires, et peuvent par là-même mener à des évaluations de vulnérabilité peu concluantes. La présente étude expose les résultats de validation de cartes de vulnérabilité produites selon quatre méthodes différentes (DRASTIC, GLA, PI et EPIK), dans le cas d'un domaine karstique du sud-est de l'Allemagne. Par le biais des paramètres de transport et hydrauliques mesurés sur la séquence géologique, des simulations numériques basées sur un modèle conceptuel du secteur d'étude ont été utilisées. Les temps de transit moyens à travers la zone non saturée (protection de la ressource) ont été utilisés comme paramètres de validation. L'étude démontre que le niveau maximum de précision est obtenu par les méthodes GLA et PI. Dans la phase de cartographie, les méthodes EPIK et DRASTIC sont incapables d'intégrer une forte variabilité dans les distributions et les épaisseurs de sédiments de couverture, ainsi que dans leurs potentiels de protection. Aussi, les cartes de vulnérabilité produites par les méthodes DRASTIC et EPIK doivent être utilisées avec précaution dans le cadre des évaluations de vulnérabilité à but décisionnaire pour les aménagements fonciers.

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Resumen  Los mapas de vulnerabilidad ilustran la amenaza potencial de contaminantes para el agua subterránea y pueden ser considerados herramientas importantes para planeamiento del uso de la tierra y legislación relacionada. Para áreas cársticas con sus características condiciones de infiltración preferencial, los mapas de vulnerabilidad son también excelentes herramientas para protección de fuentes y recursos. Sin embargo, los mapas cualitativos resultantes son frecuentemente inconsistentes y hasta contradictorios y por lo tanto podrían conducir a evaluaciones de vulnerabilidad no concluyentes. Los resultados de una validación de mapas de vulnerabilidad producidos usando cuatro métodos diferentes, DRASTIC, GLA, PI y EPIK, son presentados aquí para un área cárstica en Alemania suroccidental. Se usaron simulaciones numéricas usando parámetros hidráulicos y de transporte medidos de la secuencia geológica y basándose en un modelo conceptual del área en estudio. El tiempo promedio de tránsito a través de la zona no saturada (protección del recurso) fue utilizado como el parámetro de validación. El estudio demuestra que el máximo nivel de precisión es alcanzado con los métodos GLA y PI. DRASTIC y EPIK no fueron capaces de incorporar distribuciones altamente variables ni espesor de sedimentos de cubierta y sus propiedades protectivas en el respectivo procedimiento de elaboración de mapas. Por lo tanto los mapas de vulnerabilidad producidos con DRASTIC, EPIK y métodos relacionados deberían ser usados con cuidado cuando se usen en evaluaciones de vulnerabilidad para planeamiento del uso de tierra y toma de decisiones relacionadas.

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Upper mantle rocks from basalts of the northern Hessian depression (NW Germany)     

J. Oehm  A. Schneider  K. H. Wedepohl 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1983,32(1):25-48

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Geochemistry of modern seawater and brines from salt pans: Main components and bromine distribution     

Albert Günter Herrmann  Doris Knake  Jürgen Schneider  Heide Peters 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1973,40(1):1-24

Seawater at different stages of evaporation from the salt works of Seovlje near Portoro (Yugoslavia) was analyzed geochemically. The seawater there passes through 20 stages of concentration until the first halite crystallizes. All important parameters were determined at all stages: concentrations of Cl, SO₄, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Br, temperature, pH, Eh, oxygen content and titration alkalinity. With increasing evaporation calcium carbonate crystallizes first followed by calcium sulphate as gypsum and after these halite. All three components crystallize from supersaturated solutions. The pH of the initial seawater is 8.32; it falls abruptly to 6.65 when the first calcium carbonate precipitates. Eh in the original seawater is +393 mv; negative values were found in the halite crystallization pans, which contain an anaerobic mud as a reducing agent. The oxygen content of the solution decreases parallel to the drop in Eh. In the pans in which NaCl crystallizes Eh is zero. Apparently the mud also adsorbs K, as can be inferred from a change in the Mg/K ratio.The bromine partition between crystallizing halite and the brine in the salt pans of Seovlje is discussed with regard to some genetic problems of marine salt deposits. In the conditions in the salt pans the bromine partition coefficient at the beginning of NaCl crystallization from seawater—expressed as b=wt.-% Br (mineral)/wt.-% Br (solution)—is 0.12 to 0.14 or—expressed as D=Br/Cl(mineral)/Br/Cl(solution)—0.030 to 0.034 at temperatures between 33° C and 42° C. The conclusion is that a Br content of about 60 to 75 ppm is to be expected for the first halite that crystallizes from evaporating seawater.  相似文献   

The theory of motion of the horizontal pendulum with a Zöllner suspension and some indications for the instrumental design     

Petr Vaníček  Geoffrey W. Lennon  Reviewer M. Schneider  Reviewer L. Skalský 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1972,16(1):30-50

Summary The aim of this paper is to examine the physical laws which govern the motion of a horizontal pendulum, mounted with the familiar Zöllner suspension geometry and to establish the equations of its motion. It is possible in this process to determine calibration parameters with greater precision and confidence and to demonstrate that procedures based upon period measurement can inherently claim a precision superior to some modern alternatives. Moreover in approaching the problem from a theoretical viewpoint it is possible to pinpoint those features of design which give rise to the troublesome aberrations. This facility makes it possible to comment upon design improvements so that a closer approach may be made to an ideal instrument.  相似文献   

Die Minas-Gruppe in Nordost-Bahia,Brasilien     

Dr. Heinz Jordan 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1972,61(2):441-469

Zusammenfassung Die Quarzite und Phyllite der präkambrischen Serie Jacobina, deren geologische Beziehung zum umgebenden hochmetamorphen Kristallin bisher ungeklärt war, wurden in verschiedenen Teilgebieten kartiert und petrographisch untersucht. Im Gebiet von Juacema (Abb. 1) bildet die Serie Jacobina den Westflügel einer fast isoklinalen, schwach westvergenten Mulde. Sie wurde Jacobina-Synklinorium genannt und erstreckt sich vom Rio São Francisco im Norden rund 300 km weit nach Süden (s. Abb. 3 und 6). Auf dem Ostflügel der Mulde sind die Phyllite durch Kalifeldspatisation granitisiert worden (Reliktgefüge!); die eingeschalteten Quarzite sind denen der Serie Jacobina im sedimentären Mineralbestand, z. B. der Turmalin- und Hämatitführang, sehr ähnlich. Im Gebiet von Campo Formosa (Abb. 2) konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß die Serie Jacobina mit der Serie Lavras stratigraphisch identisch ist: Die Abfolge der Formationen Rio do Ouro — Cruz das Almas — Serra do Meio (der Serie Jacobina) entspricht der Abfolge Tombador — Caboclo — Morro do Chapéu in der Serie Lavras. Beide Serien müssen damit altersmäßig in die Minas-Gruppe eingestuft werden.Im nördlichsten Bahia wurde eine Quarzit-Paragneis-Gruppe vom älteren Kristallin abgegliedert und nach dem Ort Ibó benannt. Sie scheint im Westen—über einen Quarzitzug nordwestlich von Poço de Fora — mit dem Jacobina-Synklinorium Verbindung zu haben (s. Abb. 6). Auch gemeinsame Merkmale in der Lithologie und im tektonischen Bauplan deuten darauf hin, daß die Ibó-Gruppe ebenfalls ein Äquivalent der Minas-Gruppe ist. An dem über 200 km langen Quarzitzug von Orocó-Caldeirão läßt sich zeigen, daß die Minas-Paragneise nach Süden in hochkristalline Gneise und Migmatite übergehen: eine Trennung der Minas- und prä-Minas-Gneise ist hier kaum noch möglich. Diese und andere Beobachtungen beweisen, daß die als Caraiba-Gruppe bezeichneten alten Gneise Nordbahias bedeutende Anteile von hochmetamorphem Minas miteinschließen.Jedenfalls scheint die Minas-Gruppe im gesamten Raum Nordost-Bahias abgelagert worden zu sein. In den untersuchten Gebieten folgt meist auf eine quarzitreiche untere Subgruppe eine obere Subgruppe mit Metapelit und Metaarkose (s. Abb. 7); am Übergang treten hämatitreiche Gesteine auf. Der Metamorphosegrad der Minas-Schichten ist gebietsweise sehr unterschiedlich: Während im Westen, im Salitre-Becken, die Schichten fast unmetamorph sind, wurden die Pelite und Arkosen weiter östlich in Biotitgneis oder auch Migmatit und Diatexit (bis Granit) umgewandelt. Die Grenze der zwei Metamorphosebereiche wird durch die Phyllite und Grünschiefer der Serie Jacobina markiert.

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The quartzites and phyllites of the Precambrian Jacobina Series whose geological relations to the high-metamorphic rocks in the east were unknown until now, were mapped and petrographically examined in various areas. In the Juacema area (fig. 1) the Jacobina Series forms the western limb of an eastward dipping syncline. Almost isoclinal it stretches from Rio São Francisco in the north for about 300 km to the south (see fig. 3 and 6) and was called Jacobina Synclinorium. The phyllites on the eastern limb of the syncline are granitized by kalifeldspatization (visible by relic textures). The quartzites following the eastern limb, in mineral composition, as to the accessory content of turmaline and hematite, are very similar to those of the Jacobina Series.In the Campo Formosa area (fig. 2) the stratigraphic identity of the Jacobina and Lavras Series was proved. The division of the Jacobina Series into the formations Rio do Ouro — Cruz das Almas — Serra do Meio corresponds to that of the Lavras Series into Tombador — Caboclo — Morro do Chapéu. So both these series are seen as equivalents of the Minas Group.In the most northern part of Bahia a quartzite paragneiss group was divided from the crystalline basement and called after the village of Ibó. In the west this same group seems to join to the rocks of the Jacobina Synclinorium (see fig. 6); similar lithological and tectonical characteristics furthermore indicate the stratigraphic equivalence of the Ibó and the Minas Group. Along the Orocó-Caldeirão quartzite range was shown that the Minas paragneisses to the south are transformed into granitic gneisses and migmatites: Here the separation from pre-Minas gneisses is scarcely possible. This and further observations prove that the ancient gneisses of northern Bahia, subsumed under the name Caraiba Group, are including big parts of high-metamorphic Minas rocks.The Minas Group evidently has been deposited in whole north-eastern Bahia. In the examined areas the group mostly exists of a basic subgroup rich in quartzites and an upper one of metapelites and metaarkoses (fig. 7). Near the transition of the two subgroups rocks rich in hematite occur. The metamorphic grade of the rocks is greatly different from region to region. Whilst the Minas Group in the west, i.e. the Lavras Series in the Salitre Basin, is almost unmetamorphous, the pelites and arkoses farther to the east are transformed to biotite gneiss up to migmatite and granite. The limit between the two metamorphic zones is marked by the phyllites and greenschists of the Jacobina Series.

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Resumo Os metasedimentos da Série Jacobina foram mapeados e petrograficamente examinados en várias áreas escolhidas. Na área de Juacema (fig. 1) a Série Jacobina constitui o flanco occidental de um sinclinal quasi isoclinal, com vergência fraca para oeste. Foi denominada de Sinclinório de Jacobina e estende-se do Rio São Francisco no norte acerca de 300 km para o sul (veja fig. 3 e 6). No flanco oriental do sinclinório os filitos foram granitizados devido à felspatização potássica, como se verifica microscopicamente pelas estruturas internas conservadas. Os quartzitos intercalados nas rochas granitizadas, com respeito à composição primária sedimentar (conteudo accessórico de turmalina e hematita, etc.), são muito semelhantes aos quartzitos da Série Jacobina, e estratigraficamente correspondem a êstes.Na área de Campo Formoso (fig. 2) foi demonstrada a correlação estratigrafica das Séries Jacobina e Lavras; o perfil Formação Rio do Ouro — Cruz das Almas — Serra do Meio (da Série Jacobina) corresponde ao perfil Tombador — Caboclo — Morro do Chapéu na Série Lavras. As duas séries igualmente são equivalentes ao Grupo Minas.No extremo norte da Bahia foi mapeado um grupo quartzito-paragnaissico, denominado pelo nome da vilo Ibó. No oeste êste grupo parece ser ligado às rochas do Sinclinório de Jacobina, por uma faixa de quartzitos ao noroeste de Poço de Fora (veja fig. 6). O comportamento igual da litologia e tectônica confirma a correlação estratigráfica do Grupo Ibó e da Série Jacobina e Minas respectivamente. Ao longo de uma faixa de quartzitos, estendo-se de Orocó/Pe até Caldeirão/Ba, indicado pelas fig. 4 e 6, foi comprovado que, os paragnaisses do Grupo Minas se transformam para sul em gnaisses intensamente metamórficas e em migmatitos — petrograficamente idênticos às rochas cristalinas pre-Minenses. Esta e outras obvervações demonstram que, os gnaisses antigos reunidos sob o nome de Grupo Caraiba incluem grandes partes de rochas altamente metamórficas do Grupo Minas.O Grupo Minas evidentemente foi depositado em toda parte nordestina do Estado da Bahia. Nas áreas examinadas geralmente um subgrupo characterizado por quartzitos é sobrepôsto por um subgrupo de metapelitos e metaarcóseos (fig. 7). Perto da transição dos dois encontram-se rochas hematitíferas.O grau do metamorfísmo dos metasedimentos varía: Ao oeste, na Bacia de Salitre, o Grupo quasi não foi metamorfizado — a leste da Serra de Jacobina os pelitos e arcóseos foram transformados em gnaisses á biotita, migmatitos e até granitos. Os filitos e xistos verdes da Série Jacobina marcam o limite das duas zonas metamórficas.

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Jacobina, , . - Juacema (. 1) Jacobina - . Jacobina, Ri Sao Francisco 300 (. 3 6). ( ). , , Jacobina, . . . Campo Formoso (. 2) , Jacobina Lavras: Rio do Ouro — Cruz das Almas — Serra do Meiro ( Jacobina) Tombador — Caboclo — Morro do Chapeu Lavras. Minas. Bahia — Ibo'. , - de Fora — Jacobina (. 6). , Ibo'. Minas. Oroco-Cal deirao , 200 , Minas : Minas -Minas . , hi, raiba Minas. , , Minas. (. 7); . Minas : , Salitre , -, ( ). Jacobina.

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Ein Gerät zur Entnahme ungestörter Sediment-Grossproben in Seen     

Heinz Ambühl 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1969,31(1):132-140

Summary A new method is described for taking sediment sample cores of a diameter of 112 millimeters from deep lakes. The rather large core diameter requires a mechanism which closes the lower end of the core before retraction so that the core can be raised without loss of the sample. The apparatus is set on to a cutting table on which the core, still in the tube, is separated from the closing mechanism without disturbance by means of a blade. The bottom end of the tube is then secured and the corer can be re-used with a new core tube.   相似文献