Short‐term volume changes of the Greenland ice sheet in response to doubled CO₂ conditions     

R. S. W. VAN DE WAL  M. WILD  J. DE WOLDE 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2001,53(1):94-102

This paper focuses on the rôle of accumulation and cloudiness changes in the response of the Greenland ice sheet to global warming. Changes in accumulation or cloudiness were often neglected, or coupled to temperature changes. We used model output on temperature, precipitation and cloudiness from a GCM (ECHAM4 T106). The GCM output was used to drive the Greenland model that exists of a vertically averaged ice flow model, coupled to a 1D surface energy balance model that calculates the ablation. Variables are temperature, accumulation and cloudiness. Sensitivity experiments with this model show that changes in accumulation are very important for the ice sheet mass balance, whereas cloudiness is of secondary importance. If the Greenland model is forced by the GCM output, the Greenland model is found to contribute 70% less to sea level rise after 70 years than is indicated by the results presented in the IPCC report. This large discrepancy is mainly due to the fact that the enhanced ablation is strongly compensated by increased accumulation. Comparing the result obtained here with changes in mass balance derived directly from the same general circulation model, indicates a 20% larger contribution to sea level. This increase is due to changes in ice flow, and a different method for the ablation calculation.  相似文献   

青藏高原西北缘晚新生代的隆升特征——来自西昆仑山前盆地的沉积学证据   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

司家亮  李海兵Laurie BARRIER Jerome VAN DER WOERD孙知明  裴军令潘家伟 《地质通报》2007,26(10):1356-1367

对西昆仑北缘山前盆地新生代沉积特征的研究结果表明,沿西昆仑山前发育的各沉积序列的垂向特征相似:古新世—中新世早期为石膏层、含瓣腮化石的石灰岩和紫红色较细粒的碎屑岩沉积,指示了海相和海陆过渡相较平静的沉积环境;中新世晚期—上新世初期开始出现陆相磨拉石,指示了陆相非平静的沉积环境,砾石的直径由下至上呈增大趋势,可能反映了西昆仑山体不断隆升,其间相对稳定的层段可能是构造运动间歇期或平稳期的沉积,指示了脉动式的隆升模式;磨拉石底部砾石的成分以沉积岩为主,向上火成岩和变质岩砾石逐渐增多,表明剥蚀程度不断加深。根据磨拉石建造的特征,判断剥蚀量和剥蚀强度自西向东有减小和变弱的趋势,可能暗示了西昆仑山晚新生代隆升有自西向东由强变弱的过渡特征。该结论与本区构造地貌学的研究结果一致。  相似文献   

Comparative paleofloristics of the Albian-Early Paleocene in the Anadyr-Koryak and North Alaska Subregions,part 2: The North Alaska Subregion     

A. B. Herman 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2007,15(4):373-384

The Albian-Paleocene phytostratigraphic scheme suggested in this work for the North Alaska Subregion of the North Pacific differs from the previous ones and includes three phytostratigraphic horizons of subregional extent and four plant-bearing beds. The scheme is based on distinguished successive stages in flora evolution, being substantiated by comprehensive data on the described floral (plant macrofossils) assemblages. As is established, sedimentation environments gradually changed during the Albian-Paleogene from the west of the subregion to the east so that the marine sedimentation and accumulation of sediments in general terminated in eastern areas later than western ones.  相似文献   

Three-dimensional elastic scattering by near-surface heterogeneities     

Christina D. Riyanti  Gérard C. Herman 《Geophysical Journal International》2005,160(2):609-620

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Effect of Intra-Population Variability on the Long-Distance Transport of Bacteria   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Carl H. Bolster  Aaron L. Mills  George Hornberger  Janet Herman 《Ground water》2000,38(3):370-375

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Moscow and St. Petersburg, a sequence of capitals, a tale of two cities     

Olga Gritsai  Herman van der Wusten 《GeoJournal》2000,51(1-2):33-45

From early modern times until the present, Russia (temporarily extended to the USSR) had two capital cities: Moscow and Petersburg. Moscow was the original capital, it was succeeded by Petersburg from the beginning of the 18th century. From the early 20th century onward Moscow again became the capital, but it became a different kind of capital at the end of the 20th century. The paper describes the evolution of the representation of the state function in the appearance of the capital cities by way of the state buildings, the monuments, the street names. In addition it analyses the fate of the former capitals (first Moscow, then Petersburg) in terms of their symbolic functions. Petersburg originated as a capital turned to the outside emphasizing Russia's European vocation, while Moscow was at first the inward looking capital city representing the distinctive spiritual values of Russia. Changes had to do with the changes in the nature of the successive political regimes and with the changing roles of the two cities within those regimes.  相似文献   

Dictators and their capital cities: Moscow and Berlin in the 1930s     

Herman van der Wusten 《GeoJournal》2000,52(2):339-344

Stalin and Hitler planned major changes in the townscapes of their capital cities. These plans were part of their effort to install highly mobilized despotic regimes that needed a wide-ranging set of symbols to focus allegiance and to impress awe. These plans remained to some extent paper exercises but part of it left significant traces in the contemporary cities, particularly in Moscow. The intended changes showed similarities in their megalomania expressed in plans for a gigantic dome surrounded by a huge public square in the core of the city. There were also differences as regards the type of symbols used due to both dictotors' different roles within their regimes, the degree of didactic intent due to the nature of the commanding ideologies and the level of modernization of both countries, and the diverging versions of antimodernist building style (which they shared with many others elsewhere at the time).  相似文献   

Scotian Shelf euphausiid and silver hake population changes during 1984-1996 measured by multi-frequency acoustics     

Cochrane  N. A.; Sameoto  D. D.; Herman  A. W. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2000,57(1):122-132

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Linear dynamics of hydrostatic adjustment to horizontally homogeneous heating   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

AARNOUT VAN DELDEN 《地球，A辑:动力气象学与海洋学》2000,52(4):380-390

The process of hydrostatic adjustment to horizontally homogeneous heating in a stably stratified atmosphere of arbitrary thermal structure is investigated in the limit of small perturbations. A linear differential equation is derived for the vertical pressure distribution in the final balanced state. Solutions of this equation are compared with the time dependent solution which is found by numerically integrating the equations in time. During the process of hydrostatic adjustment acoustic‐buoyancy oscillations are generated. The amplitudes of these oscillations become so great that static instability is generated at heights above 100 km, depending on where and how abruptly the heat is added. As a crude representation of the unstable breakdown and damping of these waves, Rayleigh damping is introduced. If the associated damping coefficient in the upper atmosphere is sufficiently large (greater than the Brunt Väisälä frequency), the oscillations vanish. Below a height of about 50 km the steady state predicted by the above mentioned differential equation is reached approximately in 10 min.  相似文献   

Neogene Paleoseismic Events and the Shanwang Biota’s Burial in the Linqu Area, Shandong Province, China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

TIAN Hongshui  A. J. 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(4):1103-1119

Several paleoseismic events are recorded in the Neogene Linqu Group, exposed in the Linqu area, Shandong Province, China. The events were interpreted on the basis of fieldwork and laboratory analysis, which showed the presence of seismites with plastically deformed soft-sediment deformation structures in the Shanwang Formation, and of seismic volcanic rocks in the Yaoshan Formation which show brittle deformation. The earthquake-triggered soft-sediment deformations in the seismites include load structures, ball-and-pillow structures, flame structures, pillow-like beds, boudinage structures, slump folds, syn-depositional faults, veins of liquefied sand, and dikes of liquefied sandy lime-mud. The seismic activity is also reflected in what might be called ‘brittle seismites'; these originated when, under the influence of seismic vibrations, semi-consolidated conglomerate was shattered. Moreover, volcanic activity is related to intense earthquakes that affected basalts intercalated with sand layers; these successions are known as ‘seismic volcanic rocks', which are characterized by veins of liquefied sand intruding the basalts. All above traces of paleoseismic activity were left from one single time span of 4 Ma with active seismicity that took place 14–10 Ma. This time span is known as ‘the Linqu Neogene Paleoseismic Active Period', which is divided into four paleoseismic episodes, which were responses to tectonic extension and basin rifting in this area. It even includes the activity of the Yishu Fault Zone during the Miocene and the Neogene. The ratios of trace elements in the seismites, w(La)/w(Sc) and w(La)/w(Th) are higher than the average value of the upper crust, but w(Th)/w(Sc) is lower; this is geochemical evidence for the basin rifting that resulted in a high sedimentation rate. The intense and frequent paleo-earthquakes are held responsible for the rapid burial of the Shanwang Biota. Secondary earthquake-induced processes(e.g. slumping of a lake shore and the strongly increased lacustrine sedimentation rate) contributed to the rapid burial of the biota.  相似文献