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排序方式: 共有192条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
31.
Petra Döll Hervé Douville Andreas Güntner Hannes Müller Schmied Yoshihide Wada 《Surveys in Geophysics》2016,37(2):195-221
Quantification of spatially and temporally resolved water flows and water storage variations for all land areas of the globe is required to assess water resources, water scarcity and flood hazards, and to understand the Earth system. This quantification is done with the help of global hydrological models (GHMs). What are the challenges and prospects in the development and application of GHMs? Seven important challenges are presented. (1) Data scarcity makes quantification of human water use difficult even though significant progress has been achieved in the last decade. (2) Uncertainty of meteorological input data strongly affects model outputs. (3) The reaction of vegetation to changing climate and CO2 concentrations is uncertain and not taken into account in most GHMs that serve to estimate climate change impacts. (4) Reasons for discrepant responses of GHMs to changing climate have yet to be identified. (5) More accurate estimates of monthly time series of water availability and use are needed to provide good indicators of water scarcity. (6) Integration of gradient-based groundwater modelling into GHMs is necessary for a better simulation of groundwater–surface water interactions and capillary rise. (7) Detection and attribution of human interference with freshwater systems by using GHMs are constrained by data of insufficient quality but also GHM uncertainty itself. Regarding prospects for progress, we propose to decrease the uncertainty of GHM output by making better use of in situ and remotely sensed observations of output variables such as river discharge or total water storage variations by multi-criteria validation, calibration or data assimilation. Finally, we present an initiative that works towards the vision of hyperresolution global hydrological modelling where GHM outputs would be provided at a 1-km resolution with reasonable accuracy. 相似文献
32.
Pierre M. Desrosiers Susan Lofthouse Najat Bhiry Anne-Marie Lemieux Hervé Monchot Daniel Gendron 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):227-243
Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 110(2):227–243, 2010 An interdisciplinary study was conducted at Qijurittuq (IbGk-3), an archaeological site located on Drayton Island along the eastern shore of Hudson Bay, Nunavik. Local Inuit made important contributions to the research. High school students participated in the field school, and elders shared their traditional knowledge. The elders expressed an interest in the source of the wood used to construct Qijurittuq's semi-subterranean dwellings, and this inspired us to expand our research in that direction. This interdisciplinary study included a reconstruction of the geomorphological and environmental history of Drayton Island, wood provenance and dendrochronology studies, research on house architecture and settlement patterns, and a zooarchaeological analysis. This paper synthesizes the preliminary results of this interdisciplinary investigation within the context of climate change. We discuss the persistence of semi-subterranean dwellings in eastern Hudson Bay long after they had been abandoned elsewhere. At Qijurittuq, their abandonment corresponds with the end of Little Ice Age. However, at the same time, the development of more permanent contact with Euro-Canadians was having a strong impact upon Inuit culture. 相似文献
33.
Diagnosing vertical motion in the Equatorial Atlantic 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Estimating the vertical velocity (w) in the oceanic upper-layers is a key issue for understanding the cold tongue development in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic.
In this methodological paper, we develop an expanded and general formulation of the vertical velocity equation based on the
primitive equation (PE) system, in order to gain new insight into the physical processes responsible for the Equatorial and
Angola upwellings. This approach is more accurate for describing the real ocean than simpler considerations based on just
the wind-driven patterns of surface layer divergence. The w-sources/forcings are derived from the PE w-equation and diagnosed from a realistic ocean simulation of the Equatorial Atlantic. Sources of w are numerous and express the high complexity of terms related to the turbulent momentum flux, to the circulation and to the
mass fields, some of them depending explicitly on w and others not. The equatorial upwelling is found to be mainly induced by the (i) the zonal turbulent momentum flux, (ii)
the curl of turbulent momentum flux and (iii) the imbalance between the circulation and the pressure fields. The Angola upwelling
in the eastern part of the basin is controlled by strong curl of turbulent momentum flux. A strong cross-regulation is evidenced
between the w-forcings independent of w and dependent on w, which suggests an equatorial balanced-dynamics. The w-forcing depending on w represents the negative feedback of the ocean to the w-forcing independent of w: in the equatorial band, this adjustment is led by non-linear processes and by vortex stretching outside. 相似文献
34.
Nadia Senechal Stéphane Abadie Edith Gallagher Jamie MacMahan Gerd Masselink Hervé Michallet Ad Reniers Gerben Ruessink Paul Russell Damien Sous Ian Turner Fabrice Ardhuin Philippe Bonneton Stéphane Bujan Sylvain Capo Raphael Certain Rodrigo Pedreros Thierry Garlan 《Ocean Dynamics》2011,61(12):2073-2098
A large multi-institutional nearshore field experiment was conducted at Truc Vert, on the Atlantic coast of France in early 2008. Truc Vert’08 was designed to measure beach change on a long, sandy stretch of coast without engineering works with emphasis on large winter waves (offshore significant wave height up to 8 m), a three-dimensional morphology, and macro-tidal conditions. Nearshore wave transformation, circulation and bathymetric changes involve coupled processes at many spatial and temporal scales thus implying the need to improve our knowledge for the full spectrum of scales to achieve a comprehensive view of the natural system. This experiment is unique when compared with existing experiments because of the simultaneous investigation of processes at different scales, both spatially (from ripples to sand banks) and temporally (from single swash events to several spring-neap tidal cycles, including a major storm event). The purpose of this paper is to provide background information on the experiment by providing detailed presentation of the instrument layout and snapshots of preliminary results. 相似文献
35.
Andreas Günther Paola Reichenbach Jean-Philippe Malet Miet Van Den Eeckhaut Javier Hervás Claire Dashwood Fausto Guzzetti 《Landslides》2013,10(5):529-546
In the framework of the European Soil Thematic Strategy and the associated proposal of a Framework Directive on the protection and sustainable use of soil, landslides were recognised as a soil threat requiring specific strategies for priority area identification, spatial hazard assessment and management. This contribution outlines the general specifications for nested, Tier-based geographical landslide zonings at small spatial scales to identify priority areas susceptible to landslides (Tier 1) and to perform quantitative susceptibility evaluations within these (Tier 2). A heuristic, synoptic-scale Tier 1 assessment exploiting a reduced set of geoenvironmental factors derived from common pan-European data sources is proposed for the European Union and adjacent countries. Evaluation of the susceptibility estimate with national-level landslide inventory data suggests that a zonation of Europe according to, e.g. morphology and climate, and performing separate susceptibility assessments per zone could give more reliable results. To improve the Tier 1 assessment, a geomorphological terrain zoning and landslide typology differentiation are then applied for France. A multivariate landslide susceptibility assessment using additional information on landslide conditioning and triggering factors, together with a historical catalogue of landslides, is proposed for Tier 2 analysis. An approach is tested for priority areas in Italy using small administrative mapping units, allowing for relating socioeconomic census data with landslide susceptibility, which is mandatory for decision making regarding the adoption of landslide prevention and mitigation measures. The paper concludes with recommendations on further work to harmonise European landslide susceptibility assessments in the context of the European Soil Thematic Strategy. 相似文献
36.
Naomi Mazzilli Hervé Jourde Thomas Jacob Vincent Guinot Nicolas Le Moigne Marie Boucher Konstantinos Chalikakis Hélène Guyard Anatoly Legtchenko 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(6):1631-1646
This work examines the relevance of the inclusion of ground-based gravity data in the calibration process of a global rainfall-discharge reservoir model. The analysis is performed for the Durzon karst system (Larzac, France). The first part of the study focuses on the hydrological interpretation of the ground-based gravity measurements. The second part of the study investigates further the information content of the gravity data with respect to water storage dynamics modelling. The gravity-derived information is found unable to either reduce equifinality of the single-objective, discharge-based model calibration process or enhance model performance through assimilation. 相似文献
37.
Distinguishing volcanic debris avalanche deposits from their reworked products: the Perrier sequence (French Massif Central) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Benjamin Bernard Benjamin van Wyk de Vries Hervé Leyrit 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(9):1041-1056
Debris avalanches associated with volcanic sector collapse are usually high-volume high-mobility phenomena. Debris avalanche
deposit remobilisation by cohesive debris flows and landslides is common, so they can share textural characteristics such
as hummocks and jigsaw cracks. Distinguishing original deposits from reworked products is critical for geological understanding
and hazard assessment because of their different origin, frequency and environmental impact. We present a methodology based
on field evidence to differentiate such epiclastic breccias. Basal contact mapping constrained by accurate altitude and location
data allows the reconstruction of deposit stratigraphy and geometry. Lithological analysis helps to distinguish the different
units. Incorporation structures, kinematic indicators and component mingling textures are used to characterise erosion and
transport mechanisms. We apply this method to the enigmatic sequence at Perrier (French Massif Central), where four units
(U1–U4) have been interpreted either as debris flow or debris avalanche deposits. The sequence results from activity on the
Monts Dore Volcano about 2 Ma ago. The epiclastic units are matrix supported with an almost flat top. U2 and U3 have clear
debris flow deposit affinities such as rounded clasts and intact blocks (no jigsaw cracks). U1 and U4 have jigsaw cracked
blocks with matrix injection and stretched sediment blocks. U1 lacks large blocks (>10 m wide) and has a homogenous matrix
with an upward increase of trapped air vesicle content and size. This unit is interpreted as a cohesive debris flow deposit
spawned from a debris avalanche upstream. In contrast, U4 has large mega-blocks (up to 40 m wide), sharp contacts between
mixed facies zones with different colours and numerous jigsaw fit blocks (open jigsaw cracks filled by monogenic intra-clast
matrix). Mega-blocks are concentrated near the deposit base and are spatially associated with major substratum erosion. This
deposit has a debris avalanche distal facies with local debris flow affinities due to partial water saturation. We also identify
two landslide deposits (L1 and L2) resulting from recent reworking that has produced a similar facies to U1 and U4. These
are distinguishable from the original deposits, as they contain blocks of mixed U1/U4 facies, a distinctly less consolidated
and more porous matrix and a fresh hummocky topography. This work shows how to differentiate epiclastic deposits with similar
characteristics, but different origins. In doing so, we improve understanding of present and past instability of the Monts
Dore and identify present landslide hazards at Perrier. 相似文献
38.
Claude Robin Jean-Philippe Eissen Pablo Samaniego Hervé Martin Minard Hall Joseph Cotten 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(3):233-258
The Mojanda–Fuya Fuya Volcanic Complex consists of two nearby volcanoes, Mojanda and Fuya Fuya. The older one, Mojanda volcano
(0.6 to 0.2 Ma), was first constructed by andesites and high-silica andesites forming a large stratovolcano (Lower Mojanda).
This edifice was capped by a basaltic andesite and andesitic cone (Upper Mojanda), which collapsed later to form a 3-km-wide
summit caldera, after large phreatomagmatic eruptions. The Lower Fuya Fuya edifice was constructed by the extrusion of viscous
Si-rich andesitic lavas and dacitic domes, and the emission of a thick sequence of pyroclastic-flow and fallout deposits which
include two voluminous rhyolitic layers. An intermediate construction phase at Fuya Fuya is represented by a mainly effusive
cone, andesitic in composition (San Bartolo edifice), the construction of which was interrupted by a major sector collapse
in the Late Pleistocene. Finally, a complex of thick siliceous lavas and domes was emplaced within the avalanche amphitheatre,
forming the Upper Fuya Fuya volcanic centre. This paper shows that the general evolution from an effusive to an explosive
eruptive style is related to a progressive adakitic contribution to the magma source. Although all the rocks of the complex
are included in the medium-K field of continental arcs, the Fuya Fuya suite (61–75 wt.% SiO2) shows depletion in Y and HREE and high Sr/Y and La/Yb values, compared to the less silicic Mojanda suite (55–66.5 wt.% SiO2). The Mojanda calc-alkaline suite was generated by partial melting of an adakite-metasomatised mantle source that left a
residue with 2% garnet, followed by fractional crystallization of dominant plagioclase + pyroxene + olivine at shallow, intra-crustal
depths. For Fuya Fuya, geochemical and mineralogical data suggest either (1) partial melting of a similar metasomatised mantle
with more garnet in the residue (4%), followed by fractional crystallization involving plagioclase, amphibole and pyroxene,
or (2) mixing of mafic mantle-derived magma from the Mojanda suite and slab melts, followed by the same fractional crystallization
process. 相似文献
39.
Assessment of groundwater recharge processes through karst vadose zone by cave percolation monitoring
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Amaël Poulain Arnaud Watlet Olivier Kaufmann Michel Van Camp Hervé Jourde Naomi Mazzilli Gaëtan Rochez Romain Deleu Yves Quinif Vincent Hallet 《水文研究》2018,32(13):2069-2083
Recharge processes of karst aquifers are difficult to assess given their strong heterogeneity and the poorly known effect of vadose zone on infiltration. However, recharge assessment is crucial for the evaluation of groundwater resources. Moreover, the vulnerability of karst aquifers depends on vadose zone behaviour because it is the place where most contamination takes place. In this work, an in situ experimental approach was performed to identify and quantify flow and storage processes occurring in karst vadose zone. Cave percolation monitoring and dye tracing were used to investigate unsaturated zone hydrological processes. Two flow components (diffuse and quick) were identified and, respectively, account for 66% and 34% of the recharge. Quickflow was found to be the result of bypass phenomenon in vadose zone related to water saturation. We identify the role of epikarst as a shunting area, most of the storage in the vadose zone occurring via the diffuse flow component in low permeability zones. Relationship between rainfall intensity and transit velocity was demonstrated, with 5 times higher velocities for the quick recharge mode than the diffuse mode. Modelling approach with KarstMod software allowed to simulate the hybrid recharge through vadose zone and shows promising chances to properly assess the recharge processes in karst aquifer based on simple physical models. 相似文献
40.
Mediterranean flash flood transfer through karstic area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vincent Bailly-Comte Hervé Jourde Axel Roesch Séverin Pistre 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(3):605-614
Karstic aquifers influence flash floods propagation in Mediterranean countries. Near Montpellier, Southern France, discharge
data are recorded on the Coulazou River upstream and downstream of the Aumelas Causse. Two gauging stations are used to describe
the hydrodynamics of this binary karstic system. The first station characterizes the non-karstic catchment area. The second
one is representative of the karstic part of the watershed. Records since April 2004 are used to understand how the river
interacts with a karstic aquifer. Hydrograph analysis of three flash flood events is described. Corresponding discharge time
series recorded at the two gauging stations are used to describe the modification of the hydrographs by auto- and crosscorrelations
analyses. Finally, linear system analyses are used to provide the transfer functions of this binary karstic system according
to the three flood events characteristics (initial conditions, volume, spatial distribution of rainfall, etc.). Theses functions
summarize the hydrodynamic behaviour of the system: their shapes are indicative of the dynamics of the storage, the release
and the contribution to surface waters.
相似文献
Vincent Bailly-ComteEmail: |