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81.
G. Suhr H. A. Seck N. Shimizu D. Günther G. Jenner 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,131(2-3):136-154
Up to 3 km of dunitic rocks occur below crustal gabbro in the Blow Me Down massif (Bay of Islands Ophiolite, Newfoundland).
Analyses of dunite- and gabbro-hosted clinopyroxene grains (cpx) for rare earth elements (REE), Zr, and Ti reveal three types
of chondrite-normalized patterns: N-group patterns are similar to cpx grains as they would form by fractionation from a range
of mid ocean ridge basalts (MORB). They are typical for a few higher level dunitic samples as well as mafic cumulates. F-group
patterns show light REE depletion, very strong middle REE fractionation and a positive Zr anomaly and occur in dunites only.
R-group patterns are severely depleted in both light and heavy REEs relative to MORB-like cpx and two samples of the group
display a positive Ti anomaly. They are also restricted to dunitic rocks. The patterns are explained in a two stage model
in which an established dunite sequence, dominated by MORB-type cumulate signatures (N-group), was infiltrated by extremely
refractory melts. During infiltration of the refractory melt chromatographic fractionation occurred, transforming N-group
dunites into F-group and R-group dunites. The F-group patterns are composite patterns: heavy REE, Ti ± Zr reflect the original
MORB-like cumulate dunite host, light REEs indicate equilibrium with the infiltrating, refractory melts. Steep slopes in the
middle REEs reflect the position of the chromatographic front. For more intense percolation of refractory melts, R-group patterns
with a positive Ti anomaly will form by the same process. The rest of the R-group patterns displaying no positive Ti anomaly
may represent either the most intensely reacted host rocks or these dunites derive directly as cumulates from refractory melts.
Only small volumes of refractory melt (a 5 m column) are required to imprint the observed trace element pattern on the thick
original dunite sequence. One of several possible origins for the refractory melts is transformation of original MORB-type
melts by way of chromatographic fractionation within the highly depleted, residual uppermost mantle. In the framework of an
oceanic spreading centre, the migrating, refractory liquids are considered a late event following the main constructive stage
dominated by aggregated melts. The study demonstrates that highly refractory melts can exist under oceanic spreading centres
dominated by a MORB-like cumulate and volcanic sequence.
Received: 2 September 1996 / Accepted: 20 November 1997 相似文献
82.
Jumpei Toriyama Seiichi Ohta Makoto Araki Ken'ichirou Kosugi Tatsuhiko Nobuhiro Naoki Kabeya Akira Shimizu Koji Tamai Mamoru Kanzaki Sophal Chann 《水文研究》2011,25(5):714-726
Both evergreen and deciduous forests (Efs and Dfs) are widely distributed under similar climatic conditions in tropical monsoon regions. To clarify the hydraulic properties of the soil matrix in different forest types and their effects on soil water storage capacity, the soil pore characteristics (SPC) were investigated in Ef and Df stands in three provinces in Cambodia. Soils in the Ef group were characterized in common by large amounts of coarse pores with moderate pore size distribution and the absence of an extremely low Ks at shallow depths, compared to Df group soils. The mean available water capacity of the soil matrix (AWCsm) for all horizons of the Ef and Df group soils was 0·107 and 0·146 m3 m?3, respectively. The mean coarse pore volume of the soil matrix (CPVsm) in the Ef and Df groups was 0·231 and 0·115 m3 m?3, respectively. A water flow simulation using a lognormal distribution model for rain events in the early dry season indicated that variation in SPC resulted in a larger increase in available soil water in Ef soils than in Df soils. Further study on deeper soil layers in Ef and each soil type in Df is necessary for the deeper understanding of the environmental conditions and the hydrological modelling of each forest ecosystem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
83.
Ayako?ShinozakiEmail author Hisako?Hirai Hiroyuki?Kagi Tadashi?Kondo Taku?Okada Daisuke?Nishio-Hamane Shin-ichi?Machida Tetsuo?Irifune Takumi?Kikegawa Takehiko?Yagi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2012,39(2):123-129
High pressure and temperature reactions of a mixture of forsterite and hydrogen molecules have been carried out using a laser
heated diamond anvil cell at 9.8–13.2 GPa and ~1,000 K. In situ X-ray diffraction measurements showed no sign of decomposition
or phase transitions of the forsterite under these experimental conditions, indicating that the olivine structure was maintained
throughout all runs. However, a substantial expansion of the unit cell volume of the forsterite was observed for samples down
to ~3 GPa upon quenching to ambient pressure at room temperature. The Raman spectroscopy measurements under pressure showed
significant shifts of the Raman peaks of the Si–O vibration modes for forsterite and of the intramolecular vibration mode
for H2 molecules toward a lower frequency after heating. Additionally, no OH vibration modes were observed by Raman and FT-IR spectroscopic
measurements. These lines of evidence show that the observed volume expansion in forsterite is not explained by the incorporation
of hydrogen atoms as hydroxyl, but suggest the presence of hydrogen as molecules in the forsterite structure under these high
pressure and temperature conditions. 相似文献
84.
Tracking flux melting and melt percolation in supra-subduction peridotites (Josephine ophiolite,USA)
Here, we investigate the scale and nature of melting and melt percolation processes recorded by 17 supra-subduction peridotites collected in a ~70 km2 area in the northern portion of the Josephine ophiolite (Western USA). We present major and trace element variations in whole rocks; major elements in olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel; and trace elements [including rare earth element (REE)] in clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. In the Josephine peridotites, compositional variability occurs at different scales. On the one hand, large systematic changes from depleted to fertile peridotites occur on large kilometer scales. Field, petrological and geochemical data can be consistently explained if the Josephine mantle experienced variable degrees of hydrous flux melting (10 to >20–23 %), and we argue that small fractions of subduction-derived fluids (0.015–0.1 wt%) were pervasive in the ~70 km2 studied area, and continuously supplied during wedge melting. Fluid localization probably led to increased extent of flux melting in the harzburgitic areas. On the other hand, in single outcrops, sharp transitions from dunite to harzburgite to lherzolite and olivine websterite can be found on meter to centimeter scales. Thus, some fertile samples may reflect limited degrees of refertilization at the outcrop scale. In addition, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene in ultra-depleted harzburgites (Spinel Cr# > 58) show variable degrees of LREE enrichment, which reflect percolation of and partial re-equilibration with, small fractions of boninite melt. Because the enriched samples also show the highest spinel Cr#, we argue that these enrichments are local features connected to the presence of dunite channels nearby. Lastly, trace element concentrations of pyroxenes in Josephine harzburgites show that they are one of the most depleted harzburgites among worldwide ophiolitic peridotites, indicating particularly high degrees of melting, potentially past the exhaustion of clinopyroxene. 相似文献
85.
86.
T. Kosugi K. Matsuzaki T. Sakao T. Shimizu Y. Sone S. Tachikawa T. Hashimoto K. Minesugi A. Ohnishi T. Yamada S. Tsuneta H. Hara K. Ichimoto Y. Suematsu M. Shimojo T. Watanabe S. Shimada J. M. Davis L. D. Hill J. K. Owens A. M. Title J. L. Culhane L. K. Harra G. A. Doschek L. Golub 《Solar physics》2007,243(1):3-17
The Hinode satellite (formerly Solar-B) of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS/JAXA) was successfully launched
in September 2006. As the successor to the Yohkoh mission, it aims to understand how magnetic energy gets transferred from the photosphere to the upper atmosphere and results
in explosive energy releases. Hinode is an observatory style mission, with all the instruments being designed and built to work together to address the science
aims. There are three instruments onboard: the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT), the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS), and the
X-Ray Telescope (XRT). This paper provides an overview of the mission, detailing the satellite, the scientific payload, and
operations. It will conclude with discussions on how the international science community can participate in the analysis of
the mission data.
T. Kosugi deceased 26 November 2006. 相似文献
87.
J. M. Nelson B. L. Logan P. J. Kinzel Y. Shimizu S. Giri R. L. Shreve S. R. McLean 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(14):1938-1947
Laboratory observations and computational results for the response of bedform fields to rapid variations in discharge are compared and discussed. The simple case considered here begins with a relatively low discharge over a flat bed on which bedforms are initiated, followed by a short high‐flow period with double the original discharge, during which the morphology of the bedforms adjusts, followed in turn by a relatively long period of the original low discharge. For the grain size and hydraulic conditions selected, the Froude number remains subcritical during the experiment, and sediment moves predominantly as bedload. Observations show rapid development of quasi‐two‐dimensional bedforms during the initial period of low flow with increasing wavelength and height over the initial low‐flow period. When the flow increases, the bedforms rapidly increase in wavelength and height, as expected from other empirical results. When the flow decreases back to the original discharge, the height of the bedforms quickly decreases in response, but the wavelength decreases much more slowly. Computational results using an unsteady two‐dimensional flow model coupled to a disequilibrium bedload transport model for the same conditions simulate the formation and initial growth of the bedforms fairly accurately and also predict an increase in dimensions during the high‐flow period. However, the computational model predicts a much slower rate of wavelength increase, and also performs less accurately during the final low‐flow period, where the wavelength remains essentially constant, rather than decreasing. In addition, the numerical results show less variability in bedform wavelength and height than the measured values; the bedform shape is also somewhat different. Based on observations, these discrepancies may result from the simplified model for sediment particle step lengths used in the computational approach. Experiments show that the particle step length varies spatially and temporally over the bedforms during the evolution process. Assuming a constant value for the step length neglects the role of flow alterations in the bedload sediment‐transport process, which appears to result in predicted bedform wavelength changes smaller than those observed. However, observations also suggest that three‐dimensional effects play at least some role in the decrease of bedform wavelength, so incorporating better models for particle hop lengths alone may not be sufficient to improve model predictions. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. 相似文献
88.
Ryoichi Nakada Yoshio TakahashiUrumu Tsunogai Guodong ZhengHiroshi Shimizu Keiko H. Hattori 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(7):1065-1076
A comprehensive study was performed to characterize, for the first time, the mud, water, and gases released from onshore mud volcanoes located in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, northwestern China. Chemical compositions of mud, along with the geology of the basin, suggest that a source of the mud is Mesozoic or Cenozoic shale. Oxygen and H isotope compositions of the released water suggest a local meteoric origin. Combined with the positive Eu anomalies of the water, a large 18O shift of the water suggests extensive interaction with rocks. Gases discharged from the mud volcanoes are predominantly thermogenic hydrocarbons, and the high δ13C values (>+20‰ VPDB) for CO2 gases and dissolved carbonate in muddy water suggest secondary methanogenesis with CO2 reduction after oil biodegradation.The enrichments of Eu and 18O in water and the low thermal gradient of the area suggest that the water-rock interactions possibly occur deeper than 3670 ± 200 m. On the other hand, considering the relationship to the petroleum reservoir around the mud volcanoes, the depth of the gases can be derived from about 3600 m, a depth that is greater than that generally estimated for reservoirs whose gas is characterized by 13C-enriched CO2. Oil biodegradation with CO2 reduction likely occurs at a shallower depth along the seepage system of the mud volcano. The results contribute to the worldwide data set of gas genesis in mud volcanoes. Moreover, they further support the concept that most terrestrial mud volcanoes release thermogenic gas produced in very deep sediments and may be early indicators of oil biodegradation, an important problem in the petroleum industry. 相似文献
89.
Using historical in situ temperature record, we investigate interannual variability of temperature in summer over Bungo Channel, Tosa Bay, and Kii Channel (hereafter “BTK”), south of Japan. This study aims to reveal the interregional relation of the subsurface temperature variability between the shelf and slope as well as between BTK, and specify the primary cause of the temperature variability in terms of the Kuroshio path. It is shown that 100-m temperature on the slope of BTK is synchronous with each other and highly correlated with coastal sea levels from Kyushu to Kii Peninsula, suggesting that subsurface temperature over the slope varies simultaneously on spatial scales of 400–500 km in the along-slope direction. The 100-m temperature on the slope is also correlated with the near-bottom temperature on the shelf, implying that the near-bottom temperature is determined mainly by the larger-scale variability over the slope. The Kuroshio state in summer of each year is classified into the large meander (LM), non-large meander (NLM), and intermittent larger meander (IM) propagating eastward along the slope. It is found that remarkable temperature increases are accompanied by the IM propagations south of BTK. Temperatures during the IM and LM period are significantly different, the means of which are the highest and lowest, respectively. Temperature during the NLM period with the second highest mean value exhibits the largest variance. Statistical analysis suggests that this variance is related to the Kuroshio axis shift over Izu Ridge between the nearshore and offshore NLM paths. 相似文献
90.
Toshio Kataoka Eiji Yunoki Mitsuo Shimizu Tadashige Mori Osamu Tsukamoto Yukitaka Ohashi Ken Sahashi Toshihiko Maitani Koh’ichi Miyashita Toru Iwata Yoko Fujikawa Akira Kudo Roger H. Shaw 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,101(2):131-156
Concentrations of radon 222Rn andair pollutants, meteorological parametersnear the surface and vertical profiles of meteorological elements were measured atUchio (Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture, Japan) 12 km north from the coast ofthe Inland Sea of Japan. In the nighttime, the 222Rn concentration increased in the case of weak winds, but did not increase as much in the case of moderate or strong winds, as had been expected. In the daytime, the 222Rn concentrationheld at a slightly higher than average level for the period from sunrise to about 1100 JST. It is considered that this phenomenon is due to a period of morning calm, that is, a transition period from land breeze to sea breeze.NO, which is sensitive to traffic volume,brought information concerning advection.Oxidant concentrations,which reflect the availability of sunlight,acted in the reverse manner to 222Rnconcentrations. Thus, a set of 222Rn and air pollutants could provide useful information regarding the local conditions of the atmospheric boundary layer. 相似文献