Characterization of low-temperature pyroclastic surges that occurred in the northeastern Japan arc during the late 19th century     

Akihiko Fujinawa  Masao Ban  Tsukasa Ohba  Kazuo Kontani  Kotaro Miura 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Three eruption events occurring in the central part of the northeastern Japan arc were investigated and compared: Adatara AD1900, Zao AD1895, and Bandai AD1888. Producing low-temperature (LT) pyroclastic surges, these events are characterized by steam eruptions ejecting no juvenile material. These eruptions' well-preserved eruptive deposits and facies facilitated granulometric analyses of the beds, which revealed the transport and deposition mechanisms of LT surges. Combining these results with those of investigations of documents reporting the events, we correlated each eruption to the relevant individual bed and reconstructed the LT surge development sequence. Important findings related to the transport and deposition modes are the following. (1) Bed sets consisting of thin, laminated ash and its overlying thick massive tuff were recognized in the Adatara 1900 proximal deposits. The bed set was probably produced by a strong wind that discharged and propagated quickly from the vent (leading wind) and a gravitationally segregated, highly concentrated flow originated from the eruption column, within a discrete eruption episode. A similar combination might have occurred during the first surge of the Bandai 1888 event. (2) Comparison of the proximal and distal facies for the largest eruption of Adatara 1900 event indicates that the initial turbulence of the eruption cloud decreased rapidly, transforming into a density-stratified surge with a highly concentrated part near the base. Similar surges occurred in the climatic stage of Zao 1895. (3) Bandai 1888 ejecta indicate massive beds deposited preferentially at topographic lows. Co-occurring planar beds showed no topographic affection, as indicated by the topographic blocking of a stratified surge. The observed facies–massive tuffs, crudely stratified tuffs, and thin bedded tuffs–are compatible with those for high-temperature surges. At Bandai, absence of dune bedded tuffs and commonly poorer sorting in the LT surge deposits might be attributable to poor thermally induced turbulence of eruption columns. Condensation of vapor in the surges might have contributed to the poor sorting. The estimated explosion energies were 6 × 10¹³ J for Adatara AD1900, 6.5 × 10¹⁰ J for Zao AD1895, and 6.5 × 10¹⁵ J for Bandai AD1888, implying that the three events were hydrothermal eruptions with distinctive eruptive mechanisms. Regarding eruption sources, the Adatara 1900 event was caused solely by thermal energy of the hydrothermal fluid, although magma intrusion likely triggered evolution of hydrothermal systems at Zao in 1895. Steam eruptions in the Bandai 1888 event occurred simultaneously with sudden exposure of the hydrothermal system, whose triggers require no internal energy.  相似文献   

AIRS红外高光谱资料反演大气水汽廓线研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘旸  蔡波  班显秀  袁健  耿树江  赵姝慧  李帅彬 《地球科学进展》2013,28(8):890-896

随着卫星遥感关键技术的突破,卫星光谱分辨率达到了分辨大气成分单个谱线的水平,研究人员开始了大量通道同时反演大气廓线和多种微量成分的研究.针对AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)就红外高光谱资料反演大气水汽廓线的研究进展进行了评述,从训练数据、通道信息的提取及降维、反演算法和反演精度改进4个方面对反演晴空大气水汽廓线的研究现状进行了分析与讨论.AIRS资料反演大气水汽廓线的训练数据通常选用威斯康星大学提供的全球晴空反演训练样本集CIMSS (Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies,University of WisconsinMadison)和SARTA(Stand-Alone Radiative Transfer Algorithm)辐射传输模式模拟的亮温辐射值.归纳总结了2种通道信息的提取及降维方法:一是采用有效的方法来完成光谱信息压缩,对常用的主成分分析和独立分量分析方法进行了对比,认为独立分量分析更为可行.二是通道选择,即保留部分含有较多大气廓线信息量的通道,达到降维目的.在进行通道选择时要注意针对不同地区气候类型、下垫面、季节以及即时天气条件,选择不同的通道组合.介绍了3种反演算法:特征向量统计法、牛顿非线性迭代法和神经网络法.对比发现特征向量统计法简单易行,但精度不够理想;牛顿非线性迭代法精度虽高但计算耗时长,因此不适合业务使用;神经网络计算速度快、精度也能达到要求,具有很好的前景.对目前的几种样本分类方法及附加因子进行了对比分析,对反演算法精度的改进提出了一些有益的设想.最后对晴空辐射订正及云天大气水汽廓线反演进行了简要介绍,提出了该领域未来的一些研究方向.  相似文献   

江苏北部沿海风电场气象灾害风险评估     

杨梦兮  班欣 《气象科技》2014,42(3):524-529

在对江苏北部沿海9个国家基本(一般)气象站近60年来热带气旋样本统计分析基础之上,结合近4年闪电定位仪资料,分析了影响江苏北部沿海地区的热带气旋、沿海大风和闪电的时空分布规律及其可能对该区域风电场造成的影响。结果表明:①影响江苏北部沿海地区的热带气旋以西北行路径和登陆后北上出海居多,占总数的73.2%;②建国以来影响该区域的热带气旋中,有87.7%的热带气旋可为风电场带来经济效益,进行适当防御后不会造成损失的占12.3%,尚无破坏型热带气旋个例;③江苏北部沿海地区雷雨季节(6—8月)应加强对机组的防雷检查,特别是江苏北部沿海地区的盐城区段更应加强雷电防护监测工作;④江苏北部沿海地区50年一遇最大风速和极大风速符合国家Ⅲ/Ⅱ型风机安全运行标准。  相似文献   

形状复杂的建筑物雷击截收面积的模型和计算方法     

田芳  刘杰  肖稳安  班欣 《气象科技》2014,42(6):1118-1125

分析了雷电灾害风险评估中"截收面积"计算公式的单一性和局限性,将目前常见的形状复杂的建筑物划分为三大类(即"有一制高点的矩形建筑物、裙楼建筑物和L形建筑物")并形成模型。依据《建筑物电子信息系统防雷技术规范》GB50343—2012,通过"Auto CAD"画图软件画出相应模型的截收面积图,归纳得到对应模型截收面积的计算公式。经过实例对比,发现较经验法获取的形状复杂建筑物的截收面积更为精确,为雷电灾害风险评估中截收面积的快捷计算提供科学参考。  相似文献   

Exploring the relationship between street centrality and land use in Stockholm   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Yikang Rui  Yifang Ban 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(7):1425-1438

This paper examines the relationship between different street centralities and land-use types in Stockholm. Major centrality measures of closeness, betweenness, and straightness are calculated at both global and local levels in both the primary and dual representations of the urban street network. Adaptive kernel density estimation is adopted to transform all unevenly distributed datasets to one continuous raster framework for further analysis. After computing statistical and spatial distribution of each centrality and land-use density map, we find that the density of each street centrality is highly correlated with one type of land use. Results imply that various centralities representing street properties from different aspects can capture the land development patterns of different land-use types by reflecting human activities, and are consequently important indicators to describe urban structure.  相似文献   

Exploring job centers by accessibility using fuzzy set approach: the case study of the Columbus MSA     

Changjoo Kim  Sunhee Sang  Hyowon Ban 《GeoJournal》2014,79(2):209-222

When comparing accessibility, the interpretation of results is complex because of lack of standard or universal norm. This uncertainty issue of the distinction from the lack of standard can be solved using the multi-level approach of fuzzy set: universal, relative, and absolute index. Since a fuzzy set approach deals with the vagueness and indiscernibility of accessibility index, the proposed approach suggests a better solution to classify the index than a crisp set or even a single-level fuzzy set approach. In this study, we evaluate job accessibility of locations in the Columbus MSA in Ohio, USA for 18 worker groups. The uncertain distinction between strong/weak, rich/poor, and higher/lower accessibility is improved by the multi-level approach. Moreover, this study attempts to enhance our understanding of spatial structure of job accessibility disaggregated by occupation type and gender.  相似文献   

海洋水色遥感产品在青海湖鱼产潜力估算中的应用     

班璇  舒鹏  祁涛  龙奥运  祁洪芳  杜浩  杨建新  史建全  杨海乐  李君轶 《湖泊科学》2022,34(4):1271-1283

鱼产潜力可为渔业资源保护和管理提供科技支撑,传统的鱼产潜力估算方法在大型湖泊中往往成本高、采样率低、时效差.本研究基于2018—2020年非冰封期(5—10月)在青海湖的实测数据,通过提取和校对海洋水色遥感MODIS卫星数据反演产品(1 km分辨率)并结合垂向归纳模型(VGPM)构建了青海湖浮游植物初级生产力及鱼产潜力估算模型,估算的浮游植物初级生产力与实测值对比的平均相对误差小于25%.利用该模型估算2018—2020年非冰封期青海湖基于浮游植物初级生产力的鱼产潜力并分析其时空分布规律,结果显示青海湖鱼产潜力在5—10月呈现先增加后减少的季节波动规律,最大值出现在夏季(7—8月);空间分布上呈现湖心小,岸边及靠近入湖支流河口区域大的分布状态,全湖总鱼产潜力月均变化范围为2.5万~17.6万t.鱼产潜力的时空分布规律主要受气温、外源营养物质、裸鲤摄食等影响.研究表明青海湖非冰封期的鱼类资源承载力年累计值可达45.8万t,明显高于现有裸鲤资源的现存量和历史产量高峰值,表明青海湖仍然具备很大的鱼类资源承载力与增殖空间.本研究为同类型的大型高原湖泊基于卫星遥感的高效长期鱼产潜力监测估算提供了范例,为青海湖“封湖育鱼”政策制定和增殖放流保护决策提供参考.  相似文献   

A calculation method for deformation of diaphragm wall of narrow deep foundation pit in soft soil considering spatio-temporal effectEI北大核心     

张坤勇  张梦  孙斌  李福东  简永洲 《岩土力学》2023,(8):2389-2399

为准确评估软土地区基坑施工安全以及对周围环境的影响,开挖过程中的时间和空间影响因素不可忽视。以长江漫滩软土地区某深基坑开挖工程为依托,首先建立考虑顺逆结合施工过程的有限元模型,将地连墙水平位移的计算值与实测值进行对比,验证有限元计算的可靠性;基于理论分析、数值计算和实测数据,采用坑角效应影响系数和等效水平抗力系数来衡量时空效应对支护变形的影响,提出考虑时空效应的地连墙变形计算方法;通过工程实例验证了在软土地区基坑设计计算中考虑时空效应的必要性以及所提计算方法的合理性。该研究成果可为软土地区深基坑变形计算提供有益借鉴。  相似文献