Modeling Geographic Variation in Household Disaster Preparedness across U.S. States and Metropolitan Areas     

Peter D. Howe 《The Professional geographer》2018,70(3):491-503

Emerging statistical techniques, combined with the increasing accessibility of primary social survey data, can provide policy-relevant tools for understanding how perceptions and behaviors vary geographically. Planning for natural disasters requires local data, yet data on topics such as household preparedness behaviors are often unavailable at the appropriate spatial resolution. This article presents new nationwide estimates of one element of household preparedness—having supplies in the home to use in case of a disaster—across all states and metropolitan areas in the United States. Estimates are based on a 2015 national survey combined with multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP), a statistical technique to develop subnational estimates from national data sets. The model uses sociodemographic and geographic predictors informed by prior research. Estimates were externally validated against independent surveys, including data from the 2013 American Housing Survey. Comparing the estimates against historical disaster losses demonstrates broad variation in preparedness even among places with historically high rates of death and injury from natural disasters and allows identification of high-risk places with high disaster losses and low preparedness according to this survey item. Leveraging large survey data sets in combination with MRP can be an effective tool for researchers and decision makers to understand geographic variation in perceptions and behaviors at subnational scales.  相似文献   

Rotation of the solar core from BiSON and LOWL frequency observations     

W. J. Chaplin  J. Christensen-Dalsgaard  Y. Elsworth  R. Howe  G. R. Isaak  R. M. Larsen  R. New  J. Schou  M. J. Thompson  S. Tomczyk 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,308(2):405-414

Determination of the rotation of the solar core requires very accurate data on splittings for the low-degree modes which penetrate to the core, as well as for modes of higher degree to suppress the contributions from the rest of the Sun to the splittings of the low-degree modes. Here we combine low-degree data based on 32 months of observations with the BiSON network and data from the LOWL instrument. The data are analysed with a technique that specifically aims at obtaining an inference of rotation that is localized to the core. Our analysis provides what we believe is the most stringent constraint to date on the rotation of the deep solar interior.  相似文献   

New uses for England's old airfields     

Nick Gallent  Joe Howe  Philip Bell 《Area》2000,32(4):383-394

Summary This article examines the process of airfield re-use across rural England, highlighting the framework and realities of procedural planning control. In doing so, it illustrates how the re-use of. airfield sites in the countryside raises issues of more general concern and mirrors wider debates within the sphere of development planning. In short, we are concerned with both opportunities for land re-cycling on rural airfields and the debates which are likely to emerge as additional sites are re-developed.  相似文献   

Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS)—Instrument design and technical details     

C.J. Howe  D. Drummond  B. Maddison  R. Parker  J. Spencer  M. Grande  J. Huovelin  J. Gow  L. d’Uston 《Planetary and Space Science》2009,57(7):735-743

The UK-built Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) is flying as an ESA instrument on India's Chandrayaan-1 mission to the Moon. The Chandrayaan-1 mission launched on the 22nd October 2008 and entered a 100 km polar lunar orbit on the 12th November 2008. C1XS builds on experience gained with the earlier D-CIXS instrument on SMART-1, but will be a technically much more capable instrument. Here we describe the instrument design.  相似文献   

Preface: Probing the Sun Inside and Out     

Louise Harra  Deborah Baker  Rachel Howe  John Leibacher  Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi 《Solar physics》2015,290(11):3091-3094

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A support system for assessing local vulnerability to weather and climate     

Alex Coletti  Peter D. Howe  Brent Yarnal  Nathan J. Wood 《Natural Hazards》2013,65(1):999-1008

The changing number and nature of weather- and climate-related natural hazards is causing more communities to need to assess their vulnerabilities. Vulnerability assessments, however, often require considerable expertise and resources that are not available or too expensive for many communities. To meet the need for an easy-to-use, cost-effective vulnerability assessment tool for communities, a prototype online vulnerability assessment support system was built and tested. This prototype tool guides users through a stakeholder-based vulnerability assessment that breaks the process into four easy-to-implement steps. Data sources are integrated in the online environment so that perceived risks??defined and prioritized qualitatively by users??can be compared and discussed against the impacts that past events have had on the community. The support system is limited in scope, and the locations of the case studies do not provide a sufficiently broad range of sample cases. The addition of more publically available hazard databases combined with future improvements in the support system architecture and software will expand opportunities for testing and fully implementing the support system.  相似文献   

Anomalous variations in low-degree helioseismic mode frequencies     

R. Howe  W. J. Chaplin  Y. Elsworth  F. Hill  R. W. Komm  G. R. Isaak  R. New 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,369(2):933-938

We compare changes in the frequencies of solar acoustic modes with degree between 0 and 2, as derived from Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG), Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network (BiSON) and Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) spectra obtained between 1995 and 2003. We find that, after the solar-activity dependence has been removed from the frequencies, there remain variations that appear to be significant, and are often well correlated between the different data sets. We consider possible explanations for these fluctuations, and conclude that they are likely to be related to the stochastic excitation of the modes. The existence of such fluctuations has possible relevance to the analysis of other low-degree acoustic mode spectra such as those from solar-type stars.  相似文献   

North – South Asymmetry of Zonal and Meridional Flows Determined From Ring Diagram Analysis of Gong ++ Data     

A. Zaatri  R. Komm  I. González Hernández  R. Howe  T. Corbard 《Solar physics》2006,236(2):227-244

We study the North–South asymmetry of zonal and meridional components of horizontal, solar subsurface flows during the years 2001–2004, which cover the declining phase of solar cycle 23. We measure the horizontal flows from the near-surface layers to 16 Mm depth by analyzing 44 consecutive Carrington rotations of Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Doppler images with a ring-diagram analysis technique. The meridional flow and the errors of both flow components show an annual variation related to the B ₀-angle variation, while the zonal flow is less affected by the B ₀-angle variation. After correcting for this effect, the meridional flow is mainly poleward but it shows a counter cell close to the surface at high latitudes in both hemispheres. During the declining phase of the solar cycle, the meridional flow mainly increases with time at latitudes poleward of about 20^˚, while it mainly decreases at more equatorward latitudes. The temporal variation of the zonal flow in both hemispheres is significantly correlated at latitudes less than about 20^˚. The zonal flow is larger in the southern hemisphere than the northern one, and this North–South asymmetry increases with depth. Details of the North–South asymmetry of zonal and meridional flow reflect the North–South asymmetry of the magnetic flux. The North–South asymmetries of the flows show hints of a variation with the solar cycle.  相似文献   

Scientific rationale for the D-CIXS X-ray spectrometer on board ESA's SMART-1 mission to the Moon     

S.K Dunkin  M GrandeI Casanova  V FernandesD.J Heather  B KellettK Muinonen  S.S RussellR Browning  N WalthamD Parker  B KentC.H Perry  B SwinyardA Perry  J FeradayC Howe  K PhillipsG McBride  J HuovelinP Muhli  P.J HakalaO Vilhu  N ThomasD Hughes  H AlleyneM Grady  R LundinS Barabash  D BakerP.E Clark  C.D MurrayJ Guest  L.C d'UstonS Maurice  B FoingA Christou  C OwenP Charles  J LaukkanenH Koskinen  M KatoK Sipila  S NenonenM Holmstrom  N BhandariR Elphic  D Lawrence 《Planetary and Space Science》2003,51(6):435-442

The D-CIXS X-ray spectrometer on ESA's SMART-1 mission will provide the first global coverage of the lunar surface in X-rays, providing absolute measurements of elemental abundances. The instrument will be able to detect elemental Fe, Mg, Al and Si under normal solar conditions and several other elements during solar flare events. These data will allow for advances in several areas of lunar science, including an improved estimate of the bulk composition of the Moon, detailed observations of the lateral and vertical nature of the crust, chemical observations of the maria, investigations into the lunar regolith, and mapping of potential lunar resources. In combination with information to be obtained by the other instruments on SMART-1 and the data already provided by the Clementine and Lunar Prospector missions, this information will allow for a more detailed look at some of the fundamental questions that remain regarding the origin and evolution of the Moon.  相似文献   

Evolution of 1612-MHz maser emission in expanding circumstellar shells     

M. D. Gray  D. A. Howe  B. M. Lewis 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,364(3):783-795

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