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111.
112.
Harald Furnes Neil R. Banerjee Hubert Staudigel & Karlis Muehlenbachs 《Geology Today》2007,23(4):143-146
The upper oceanic crust consists predominantly of pillow lavas that, soon after their eruption, are colonized by microbes when the ambient temperature ameliorates. During the process of microbial interaction with the glassy rims of pillows several types of bio-traces are generated, of which micro-textures are the most spectacular. Microbial textures are most useful for mapping the depth of the oceanic biosphere, and in the search for the earliest life on Earth. 相似文献
113.
Hubert Chanson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(2):180-189
In an open channel, a sudden rise in water level induces a positive surge, or bore, that may develop as a hydraulic jump in translation. When the surge propagates against an adverse slope, it decelerates until it becomes a stationary hydraulic jump. Both hydraulic jumps and decelerating surges induce some intense turbulent mixing and have some major impact on the sediment transport in natural systems. Herein, a physical investigation was conducted in a relatively large rectangular channel. Hydraulic jumps and surges were generated by the rapid closure of a gate at the channel downstream end. The turbulent shear stresses were measured with high temporal and spatial resolution (200 Hz sampling rate) in the jump flow. A comparison between the stationary hydraulic jump, hydraulic jump in translation and decelerating surge measurements showed some marked differences in terms of turbulent mixing. The results highlighted some intense mixing beneath the jump front and roller for all configurations. The levels of turbulent stresses were one to two orders of magnitude larger than a critical threshold for sediment motion. The findings provide some insights into the hydraulic jump migration processes in mobile bed channels, and the complex transformation from a moving jump into a stationary jump. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
114.
Hubert Gall��e C��cile Agosta Luc Gential Vincent Favier Gerhard Krinner 《Surveys in Geophysics》2011,32(4-5):507-518
The Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance shows high spatial variability over the coastal area. As state-of-the-art climate models usually require coarse resolutions to keep computational costs to a moderate level, they miss some local features that can be captured by field measurements. The downscaling approach adopted here consists of using a cascade of atmospheric models from large scale to meso-?? scale. A regional climate model (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) forced by meteorological reanalyses provides a diagnostic physically-based rain- and snowfall downscaling model with meteorological fields at the regional scale. Although the parameterizations invoked by the downscaling model are fairly simple, the knowledge of small-scale topography significantly improves the representation of spatial variability of precipitation and therefore that of the surface mass balance. Model evaluation is carried out with the help of shallow firn cores and snow height measurements provided by automatic weather stations. Although downscaling of blowing snow still needs to be implemented in the model, the net accumulation gradient across Law Dome summit is shown to be induced mostly by orographic effects on precipitation. 相似文献
115.
ABSTRACTIn this paper we develop a coupled analytical model for salinity and tidal propagation in estuaries where the cross-sectional area varies exponentially. A simple analytical model for tidal dynamics has been used to estimate the tidal excursion, which has an important influence on the salt intrusion process since it determines the extreme salinities (i.e. salinity distribution for high water slack and low water slack). The objective of the coupling is to reduce the number of calibration parameters, which subsequently strengthens the reliability of the salt intrusion model. Moreover, the coupling enables us to assess the potential impacts of external changes, both human-induced interventions (e.g. dredging) and natural changes (e.g. global sea level rise), on the salt intrusion process. In addition, the fully analytical solution for hydrodynamics allows immediate estimation of the tidally averaged depth and friction coefficient for given water level recordings and salinity measurements. This is particularly useful when a geometric survey is not available. The coupled model has been applied to six previously unsurveyed estuaries in Malaysia and the results show that the correspondence between analytical estimations and observations is very good. Thus, the coupled model proves to be a useful tool to obtain estimates of salt intrusion in estuaries based on a minimum amount of information required and for assessing the effect of human-induced or natural changes.
EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis ASSOCIATE EDITOR B. Dewals 相似文献
116.
Impact and recovery associated with the deposition of capital dredgings at UK disposal sites: Lessons for future licensing and monitoring 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The majority of studies relating to impacts and recovery at dredgings disposal sites have concentrated on areas subject to regular and frequent disposals of maintenance dredgings over relatively long time periods. In comparison less is known regarding the significance of impacts and the recovery processes associated with the disposal of capital dredgings that commonly involves the infrequent deposition of heterogenous material over relatively restricted time periods. Impacts and recovery processes are likely to be different to those associated with the disposal of maintenance dredgings. For example, findings suggest that capital dredgings deposited at both the Roughs Tower and Barrow-in-Furness result in the occurrence of persistent changes to seafloor substrata within the license area and this subsequently effects the composition of associated faunal communities present. Moreover, whilst the two disposal sites are geographically distinct similar species are identified as being particularly sensitive to capital disposal activities in both areas. 相似文献
117.
D. Hubert 《Planetary and Space Science》1982,30(11):1137-1146
The velocity distribution of ion populations is calculated for auroral conditions where strong convection electric fields exist. The Boltzmann equation has been solved for the E and F regions of the ionosphere where plasma is weakly dense, weakly ionized and where the ion-neutral collision frequency is small in regard to the ion cyclotron frequency. The ion distribution function has been expanded in a generalized orthogonal polynomial series about a bi-Maxwellian “temperature” varying weight function. This generalized Grad solution expansion enables us to obtain good approximations for electric field strengths as large as 75 mV m?1 and 115 mV m?1 respectively, for both the resonant charge exchange and the polarization collision models. The instability threshold of these distribution functions appears to be higher than the two respective electric field strengths considered above. 相似文献
118.
A mesoscale atmospheric numerical model is coupled with a physically based snow-pack model and with a snow-drift model. The snow model is verified for the French Alps by comparing its simulations to observations performed at the Col de Porte in the Chartreuse Massif. The snow erosion threshold depends on snow-pack properties such as density, dendricity, sphericity and particle size. The atmospheric turbulence scheme is modified in order to take into account stabilization effects due to airborne blown snow particles. In particular, vertically integrated stability functions for the stable boundary layer are completed by including the threshold friction velocity for snow erosion. The snow-drift model is calibrated by simulating the conditions observed during the Byrd snow project, held in West Antarctica in 1962. Finally, sensitivity experiments to the snow-surface properties show the importance of their accurate representation when modelling the contribution of deflation to the Antarctic surface mass balance. 相似文献
119.
Dipl.-Geol. Meinolf Knüver Prof. Dr. Hubert Miller 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1981,70(3):1020-1029
Metamorphic rocks of the Sierra de Ancasti (Catamarca province, Northwestern Argentina) were investigated by means of the Rb-Sr-method. Three phases of metamorphism can be distinguished. A first possible homogenization of Sr possibly took place 524 m. y. ago. A second one can be subdivided into a mean metamorphism at 472 m. y. and a statical recrystallization at about 450 m. y. A last weak metamorphism at about 420 m. y. can be recognized only by ages of cooling of biotites. The relations of the metamorphic rocks to granitic intrusions and regional comparisons support this subdivision. Similar ages have been reported from various regions of the Gondwana continent.
Zusammenfassung Metamorphe Gesteine der Sierra de Ancasti (Provinz Catamarca, Nordwest-Argentinien) wurden geochronologisch nach der Rb-Sr-Methode untersucht. Er ergaben sich drei Metamorphose-Phasen. Eine erste Sr-Homogenisierung fand möglicherweise vor 524 Mio. Jahren statt. Eine zweite kann in eine Hauptmetamorphose vor 472 Mio. Jahren und eine statische Rekristallisation vor etwa 450 Mio. Jahren unterteilt werden. Eine letzte, schwache Metamorphose vor etwa 420 Mio. Jahren lÄ\t sich nur an Abkühlungsaltern von Biotiten nachweisen. Die Beziehungen der metamorphen Gesteine zu Granit-Intrusionen sowie regionalgeologische Vergleiche unterstützen diese Einteilung. Ähnliche Alterswerte wurden in verschiedenen Gebieten des Gondwana-Kontinents gefunden.
Resumen Se ha investigado, utilizando el método de Rb-Sr, la geocronologia de rocas metamórficas de la Sierra de Ancasti (Provincia de Catamarca, Noroeste Argentino). Tres fases diferentes de metamorfismo resultaron. Posiblemente hubo una primera homogenización de Sr alrededor de 524 m. a. La segunda fase se divide en un metamorfismo principal en 472 m. y. y una recristalización estática en 450 m. a. El débil metamorfismo en 420 m. a. aproximadamente se nota sólo en edades de enfriamiento de biotitas. Las relaciones entre las rocas metamórficas y magmáticas, y la comparación geológica regional apoyan esta subdivisión. Edades similares se han encontrado en diferentes regiones del continente de Gondwana.
- ( ; ). . 524 . , , 472 , , 450 . , , , 420 . . , .相似文献
120.
Dr. Hubert Lehn 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1968,30(1):67-74
Zusammenfassung Die monatlichen Sichttiefenmessungen (meist 3) mit der SECCHI-Scheibe im überlinger See (Bodensee) von 1953–1962 werden miteinander
verglichen. Sie liefern Hinweise auf die planktische Prim?rproduktion. Die kurzfristige Streuung der Sichttiefen ist teilweise
gross. Das Sichttiefenmittel liegt bei 7,4 m, die Extreme bei 1,9 m und 15,0 m. Das produktionsbedingte Sichttiefenminimum
vom Frühjahr bis Herbst jeden Jahres wird durch ein Frühsommermaximum (Produktionszusammenbruch) unterteilt.
Zwischen 1953 und 1962 besteht, trotz grosser Schwankungsbreite, eine Sichttiefenregression von j?hrlich 2 cm, eine von 6
cm jedoch zwischen dem Mittelwert von 1920–1924 (9,5 m) und dem von 1953–1962 (7,4 m). Der Sichttiefenrückgang verl?uft seit
1900 sigmoid. Dabei ist der geringere Anstieg der Kurve von 1953–1962 nicht mehr mit dem progressiv steigenden Phosphatphosphor
korrelierbar. Dieser kann heute im Bodensee nur noch selten ein produktionsbegrenzender Faktor sein.
Summary In the überlinger See (Lake of Constance) the Secchi-disk transparencies are usually recorded three times a month; the results obtained from 1963–1962 have been compared with each other. They give an indication of planktic primary production. The divergence of transparencies is partly very considerable within short periods. The average transparency lies at about 7,4 m, the extreme transparencies at 1,9 m and 15,0 m. Every year, from spring to autumn, there is a minimum of transparency induced by planktic production; it is interrupted by a maximum occurring in early summer (production collapse). From 1953–1962, in spite of considerable fluctuation scope, a yearly regression of transparency of 2 cm was observed. However, between the average transparencies from 1920–1924 (9,5 m) and from 1953–1962 (7,4 m), the yearly regression amounts to 6 cm. From 1900, the regression of transparency represents a sigmoid curve. However, the slighter rise of the curve from 1953–1962 can no longer be correlated with the progressive rising of phosphate-phosphorus, which now very seldom is to be considered as a limiting factor of planktic production in the Lake of Constance.
Résumé L'auteur compare les résultats des mesures de transparence effectuées à l'aide du disque Secchi en général trois fois par mois dans le überlinger See (Lac de Constance) de 1953–1962. Ces mesures fournissent des indications sur la production primaire du phytoplancton. La transparence varie parfois considérablement en de courts intervalles. La moyenne des transparences est à 7,4 m, alors que les valeurs extrêmes se situent à 1,9 m et 15,0 m. Chaque année, du printemps à l'automne, il y a un minimum de transparence d? à la production du plancton; il est interrompu par un maximum au début de l'été (effondrement de la production). On a constaté entre 1953 et 1962 une régression annuelle de la transparence de 2 cm; toutefois, si l'on compare la moyenne de 1920–1924 (9,5 m) avec celle de 1953–1962 (7,4 m), cette régression annuelle est de 6 cm. Depuis 1900, la régression de la transparence dessine une courbe sigmo?de. Cependant il n'existe plus de corrélation entre la montée plus douce de la courbe de 1953–1962 et l'augmentation progressive du phosphate-phosphore; ce dernier ne peut en effet plus guère être considéré comme un facteur de limitation de la production planctique dans le lac de Constance.相似文献