An electromagnetic device for automatic detection of bedload motion and its field applications     

IAN REID  REW C. BRAYSHAW  LYNNE E. FROSTICK 《Sedimentology》1984,31(2):269-276

A new sensor for the continuous and unmanned detection and recording of bedload motion is described. The sensor acts in the same fashion as a conventional metal detector but is elongate and installed permanently in the bed of an alluvial channel. Artificial clasts are labelled with short lengths of ferrite rod and are seeded upstream from the sensor, replacing bed particles. The entrainment of seeded clasts takes them over the sensor where they distort the magnetic field and produce a change in inductance that is detected and recorded. A field installation demonstrates the value of the sensor by revealing for the first time in coarse-grained alluvium the spasmodic nature of particle motion reminiscent of kinematic waves. It also illustrates the importance of pebble clusters in delaying particle entrainment.  相似文献   

The Klokken Gabbro-Syenite Complex, South Greenland: Quantitative Interpretation of Mineral Chemistry     

PARSONS  IAN 《Journal of Petrology》1981,22(2):233-260

The layered syenite series in the Klokken stock formed by continuousin situ fractionation of a trachytic magma in a chamber linedby gabbro with 3000 m of cover rocks. The following mineralsand reactions are assessed as geothermometers and barometers:two feldspars; hypersolvus ternary feldspars; ferrohedenbergite-ß-wollastonite;clinopyroxene-olivine Fe-Mg exchange; Fe-Ti oxides; sanidine-magnetite-annite;ferroedenite stability. Estimates of silica activity are obtainedfrom the silica-magnetite-fayalite assemblage. The gabbros ended magmatic crystallization at > 1000–1050°C.The less fractionated members of the syenite range probablycrystallized with P_H2O < P_total, at T > 870°C and,P_H2O 800 bars. In the more fractionated syenites P_H2O = P_totalduring intercumulus feldspar growth, and all magmatic phasescrystallized within the interval 940–830°C and P_H2O< 1100 bars. Magmatic f_O2 (bars) was 1 log unit below theQFM buffer. a_SIO2 in gabbros was slightly above the albite-nephelinebuffer, but rose suddenly to just <1 in the syenites, a jumpmirrored by minor elements in pyroxenes and opaque oxides. Biotitegrew subsolidus in most rocks, at f_O2 < QFM, except in intermediaterocks when f_O2 > QFM and was defined by the sanidine-magnetite-biotiteassemblage. In these rocks P_H2O of 450 bars at 760°C isobtained using existing experimental data, but application ofthis data to Fe-rich biotites in the layered series (where biotiteis an intercumulus phase) requires P > 10 kb at magmatictemperatures. High TiO₂ or F: OH probably accounts for increasedT stability of natural annites at low P. The syenitic liquid fractionated down a low temperature zonein a multicomponent system precipitating alk fsp + ol + cpx+ mt and the more fractionated members of the layered serieshad a negligible crystallization interval, a prerequisite forthe development of the unique Klokken-type inversely gradedmineral layering.  相似文献   

Stages in a Precambrian dolomitization, Scotland: cementing versus replacement textures     

IAN J. FAIRCHILD 《Sedimentology》1980,27(6):631-650

Dolomitization in member 1 of the Dalradian Bonahaven Formation of Islay was sequential. The sediments studied are siliciclastic tidal flat deposits, which originally contained pebbles of ferroan dolomicrite and sandy dolomicrite (type 1 dolomite). Following burial, both dolomicrite and clay-stone pebbles, and possibly other carbonates, were replaced by coarser, fluid-inclusion-bearing, chemically zoned (type 2) dolomite. Ferroan, inclusion-free, intergranular dolomite (type 3) in sandstones may be synchronous with late zones of type 2 dolomite which it closely resembles. Cathodoluminescence and microprobe analyses of type 2 dolomite characterize four ubiquitous growth stages within which there was considerable fluctuation in Fe and Mn content. There was much variation between and within samples in terms of timing of nucleation, absolute speed of growth and relative growth rate of crystals. Type 2 dolomite displays two types of intracrystalline truncation surfaces explicable by dissolution followed by overgrowth, or by replacement by a moving solution film. Type A is characterized by a single later zone cutting across earlier ones along the line of an irregular truncation surface which developed from the edges of the crystals. In type B truncations it is the interior, rather than the edges of crystals which show truncation, the truncations forming smooth closed surfaces which enclose areas filled centripetally with new zones. In general, dolomite has a pronounced tendency to form crystal faces, and thus compromise crystal boundaries, during replacement as well as during cementation. Thus, if nucleation of crystals is restricted to the margins of an area to be replaced, replacive dolomite is capable of completely mimicking a vug-filling texture.  相似文献   

Biotites as Indicators of Fluorine Fugacities in Late-Stage Magmatic Fluids: the Gardar Province of South Greenland   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

FINCH  ADRIAN A.; PARSONS  IAN; MINGARD  SUSAN C. 《Journal of Petrology》1995,36(6):1701-1728

The major element chemistry and fluorine contents of biotitesfrom the Gardar alkaline province of South Greenland providean insight into the F contents of late-stage fluids associatedwith the magmatism. Biotites were taken from composite intrusionsranging from alkali gabbro to syenites, nepheline syenites andalkali granites. In each complex they show a large range ofFe/(Fe+Mg) (from 0•2 to 1) and exhibit strong Fe-F avoidance.There is considerable variation in F for any value of Fe/(Fe+Mg)but for each centre maximum F values plotted against Fe/(Fe+Mg)define a nearly straight line of characteristic slope towardslow or zero F at pure annite. Micas in the SiO₂ undersaturatedcentres have higher F contents than those from oversaturatedcentres. Cl is low (0•69 wt%) except in the Kûngnâtintrusion, where it reaches 1•4 wt%. Phase equilibriumand textural considerations suggest that most or all biotitesgrew subsolidus in a pervasive deuteric fluid. ¹⁸O values suggestthat these fluids were largely magmatic in character and thatextensive reactions with envelope fluids did not occur. Metasomaticresetting of F in biotites in early intrusive units in the aureoleof later units can be demonstrated. Experimental data of Munoz (Mineralogical Society of America,Reviews in Mineralogy 13, 469–494, 1984) were used tocalculate families of curves showing variation in F with Fe/(Fe+Mg)for biotites in equilibrium with fluids of fixed fugacity ratio,f(HF)/f(H₂O), at fixed P and T. The resulting curves cut sharplyacross the maximum fluorine lines observed in the natural examples.As it seems highly unlikely that changes in fluid compositionand T, acting together, could produce the observed linear relationship,we conclude that the partitioning of F between fluid and micain the plutonic environment is not well modelled by the experiments.Possible explanations are short-range order (SRO) of Fe andMg on octahedral sites in biotite (Mason, Canadian Mineralogist30, 343–354, 1992) or effects resulting from differentF speciation in alkaline fluids. If perfect Fe-F avoidance isassumed, Fe-Mg SRO can increase maximum F content. The F levelsseen in the silica-saturated centres are broadly consistentwith a cooling-rate related control. It is possible that thehigher F in biotites in the undersaturated centres reflectsdifferent speciation in the fluid rather than higher F contents,with strongly bound SiF₄° complexes more common. KEY WORDS: biotites; Gardar; fluorine; alkaline rocks; fluids  相似文献   

基于语义查询树的GIS中文查询语句向SQL的转换   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐爱萍  边馥苓 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2006,31(10):924-927

提出了语义查询树的中间语言结构，设计了查询语句向语义查询树的转换算法。为了解决嵌套结构转换的难点，引进了查询块的概念，实现了查询块向SQL语句转换的算法，并将此转换方法与以前的方法进行了比较。实验表明，本文方法是一种比较理想的中文查询语句的理解方法。  相似文献   

A seasonally ''dry'' interglacial climate in eastern England during the early Middle Pleistocene: palaeopedological and stable isotopic evidence from Pakefield, UK   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

IAN CANDY  JAMES ROSE  JONATHAN LEE 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2006,35(2):255-265

The pedology and the isotope geochemistry of the early Middle Pleistocene interglacial 'rootlet bed' at Pakefield, eastern England, record the climate when this unit accumulated. Horizons of nodular pedogenic calcrete indicate the existence of a strongly seasonal precipitation regime that produced a pronounced net soil moisture deficit during which secondary carbonate was precipitated. The isotopic composition of these nodules confirms the seasonality of annual precipitation, as this indicates that intense soil moisture evaporation was a major mechanism in secondary carbonate formation. The climatic interpretation is enhanced by the palaeoecology of the unit that indicates average summer temperatures significantly warmer than those of the present. The climate of this period was, therefore, different from that of the present day in terms of both temperature and the seasonality of precipitation. Although it has previously been shown that certain interglacial periods in northwest Europe were warmer than the Holocene, this is the first study to show that the precipitation regime of one such episode may also have been significantly different.  相似文献   

Metamorphic P-T Paths from Cordillera Darwin, a Core Complex in Tierra del Fuego, Chile     

KOHN  MATTHEW J.; SPEAR  FRANK S.; DALZIEL  IAN W. D. 《Journal of Petrology》1993,34(3):519-542

P–T conditions and prograde P–T paths have beencalculated for amphibolite-grade pelites and amphibolites fromCordillera Darwin, Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Peak P–T conditionsare nearly all within the kyanite stability field; temperaturesgenerally show an increase with increasing grade, but pressureshave a less consistent trend, possibly increasing slightly fromgarnet to kyanite grade. P–T paths from pelites show heatingby 80–100C during loading of 0•2–3 kbar. Texturalanalysis and previous structural work indicate that this segmentof the path correlates with back-folding deformation. P–Tpaths from two Mg-rich garnet amphibolites suggest a decreasein pressure of as much as 3 kbar with 25–50C of heatingfrom the kyanite stability field to the sillimanite, and areconsistent with pervasive, minor development of fibrolitic sillimanitealong plagioclase grain boundaries. Together, the P–Tpath segments from pelites and amphibolites constitute a clockwiseP–T trajectory. The proposed clockwise P–T paths are consistent with theinterpretation that Cordillera Darwin represents an extensionallyexhumed metamorphic core complex, in which loading during garnetgrowth in the pelitic rocks was succeeded by differential upliftduring garnet growth in magnesian amphibolites. ^* Present address: Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706  相似文献   

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MODELLING HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY IN GLACIERIZED CATCHMENTS     

KEITH RICHARDS  MARTIN SHARP  NEIL ARNOLD  ANGELA GURNELL  MICHAEL CLARK  MARTIN TRANTER  PETER NIENOW  GILES BROWN  IAN WILLIS  WENDY LAWSON 《水文研究》1996,10(4):479-508

  相似文献   

东南极Princess Elizabeth冰盖近地层大气参数的年变化特征   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

谌志刚  卞林根  效存德  陆龙骅  IANAllison 《海洋学报》2006,28(1):35-41

利用2002年东南极Princess Elizabeth冰盖自动气象梯度观测点获得的近地层气象资料,分析了冰盖上的感热通量、潜热通量、大气稳定度、整体输送系数及有关气象要素特征,并与中山站同期的的气象要素进行了对比分析.结果表明,由于两站的海拔高度及地理位置的差异,LGB69站的年平均气温为-25.6℃,比中山站低16.4℃,进入内陆每10km,海拔高度上升约110m,温度下降约1℃.南极内陆冰盖的湍流热通量具有明显的年变化,感热通量年平均值为-17.9W/m2,潜热通量为-0.9W/m2,年平均冷源强度(Q_h+Q_e)为-18.8W/m2,表明地表从大气吸收热量.LGB69站近地层大气以近中性层结为主,中性层结下的整体输送系数为2.6×10-3,当风速大于8m/s后,整体输送系数趋于常数.LGB69站是南极地区典型下降风区,年平均风速比中山站大2.0m/s,其下降风出现的风向频和风速均大于中山站.  相似文献   

Geomorphic features of Quaternary glaciation in the Taniantaweng Mountain,on the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau     

ZHANG Wei  CHAI Le  IAN S.Evans  LIU Liang  LI Ya-peng  QIAO Jing-ru  TANG Qian-yu  SUN Bo 《山地科学学报》2019,(2)

We present geomorphological evidence for multiple glacial fluctuations during the Quaternary in the Taniantaweng Mountain, which is situated at the transition zone of the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. To reconstruct the history of glacial evolution during the Quaternary Glaciation, we present a ~13000 km~2 geomorphologic map(1:440,000) for the Quaternary glaciations, as well as three electron spin resonance(ESR) ages and three optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) ages from the landforms. By integrating these with ages from previous studies, four major glacial advances are identified during marine oxygen isotope stages(MIS) 6, 3, 2 and 1. This glacial chronology is in reasonable agreement with existing glacial chronologies from other parts of the Hengduan Mountains and surrounding mountains. Glaciers had extended to the Yuqu River during the glacial maximum advance(MIS 6), but became successively more restricted from MIS 3 to MIS 1. The glacial distribution show that precipitation brought by the south Asian monsoon might play a primary role in driving glacial advances during the last glacial period in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.  相似文献