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91.
Abou-Bakr K. Ibrahim 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1971,91(1):95-113
Summary The aim of this paper is to present the formulations which can be used in calculating reflection and transmission coefficients when the rigidity in the core is taken into consideration. The theoretical curves presented can be used as a guide for studies of the physical parameters of the core-mantle boundary. It is hoped that these curves may lead to a clarification of the great differences between observed data and theoretical calculations, when the geometrical spreading and attenuation are taken into account.The Thomson-Haskell matrix formulations are used to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients for a multi-layered medium imbedded between two half-spaces representing the solid mantle and a rigid core. A rigid core is defined here as having a rigidity in the range 1010<<1011 cgs units. For five proposed models of the core-mantle boundary the rigidity in the core is varied and the results are compared with those for a liquid core. 相似文献
92.
Saleh Ibrahim Bute Xiaoyong Yang Xueming Yang Musa Bala Girei Amuda Abdulgafar Kayode Yigan Lu 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2022,82(1):125809
This study reports a new dataset of whole-rock geochemistry, biotite chemistry, in situ zircon UPb geochronology and Hf isotope for a suite of granite and associated pegmatite samples from the Gubrunde region in the Eastern Nigeria Terrane (ENT), Nigeria. The Gubrunde granitic rocks are weakly ferroan, peraluminous and calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic in composition, and show I-type affinity. The zircon UPb geochronology gives an age of ~580 Ma for the rocks, although the presence of inherited zircons with early Pan-African ages of 696 ± 12, 647 ± 7 and 624–613 Ma are evident indicative of a complex history of their source rocks. The Gubrunde granite and the pegmatite yielded similar average Hf crustal model age TDM2 of 1.9 ± 0.1 Ga and εHf(t) values ?6.2 ± 1.2, suggesting that they may have sourced from reworked old crustal rocks with minor contributions from the mantle. The granite and the pegmatite were likely to connect by fractional crystallization under low to moderate pressure (~2.2 to 3.0 kbar) and temperature (~717 °C), and low oxygen fugacity (<ΔNNO ?1.14). The ca. 580 Ma magmatism may have been triggered by delamination of the lithospheric mantle as a consequence of crustal thinning during waning stage of the Pan-African orogeny. 相似文献
93.
94.
Three geo-archaeological sites at the North Coast and Alexandria, namely, the Alexandria wall (El Shalalat Park site), Abu Soir temple, and Marina excavations, were investigated to determine the negative impact of a salty environmental condition. The monuments suffer from rock decay of different rates. The geo-archaeological sites were built mainly from oolitic limestone blocks (i.e., the Alexandria wall at the El Shalalat Park site and Abu Soir temple) or excavated on them (i.e., Marina excavations). Field inspection and a lab analysis were carried out to understand the weathering mechanism. Salt weathering criteria such as disintegration, pitting, scaling, exfoliation, and honeycomb are observed on the Alexandria wall and upper parts of the Abu Soir temple, while dangerous cracks are detected on the Marina excavation tombs. The petrographic study of the oolitic limestone samples shows that they consist mainly of oolities and drusy sparite as a cement (oolitic grainstone). Some oolities have quartz grains as nuclei. Hydrochemical analysis shows that the total dissolved salts of extracted solutions of the North Coast quarry samples range from 539 to 686 ppm and dramatically increase (i.e., ten times) for extracted solutions from monument samples, ranging from 5395 to 6880 ppm. The dominant cation is sodium while the dominant anion is chlorine. Acid insoluble residue analysis shows that the carbonate content ranges from 89.2% to 96.4% for fresh samples from quarries and from 9.2% to 94.8% for weathered monument samples. The weight loss of the quarry oolitic limestone samples range from 30.7% to 32.7% and its physical and mechanical properties become worse after being subjected to 15 cycles of a durability simulation soundness test (using a sodium sulphate solution). Our main recommendations are to use suitable grouting for binding the cracks, high durability reconstruction rocks, and suitable cleaning methods to remove salts from the monuments. 相似文献
95.
96.
Fouad Ibrahim 《GeoJournal》1998,46(2):135-140
Two ethnic groups of North Darfur, the Zaghawa and the Midob, are being compared as regards their migration behaviour and
their identification in their destination areas. Both groups have severely suffered as a result of the drought phase of the
last three decades, during which more than half of the Zaghawa and Midob have migrated southwards and to the towns.
Despite the similarity of the two ethnic groups, being non-Arab agropastoralists who are socially and politically marginalised
both within Darfur and within the Sudan, they show marked differences in their migration behaviour and ethnic solidarity.
The Zaghawa migrants are considerably more economically successful than the Midob migrants. The main reasons are:
– The Zaghawa started their outmigration earlier than the Midob. Thus, they could establish ethnically-based networks in Libya
and the Gulf countries, to which Zaghawa migrants can resort to make a good start in their destination areas. By the time
the Midob started their migration in the 1980s, the conditions of employment in the Arab oil countries had worsened.
– The Zaghawa show a strong clan solidarity. They readily lend money to young members of their clan to cover the high costs
of travelling to the Arab oil countries for work, where many of them have already established themselves.
– The Midob, both in the Sudan and abroad, have much less resources available. The only country open for them outside the
Sudan is Libya. Lacking capital, the Midob go there on camels, mostly illegally. Having no connections in Libya, except those
to other poor Midob there, they usually try to work in herding sheep and goats, which is not a lucrative profession.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
97.
The Jordanian chabazite-phillipsite tuff and faujasite-phillipsite tuff have suitable mineralogical and technical properties that enable them to be used for ion-exchange processes. These include suitable grain size and total cation exchange capacity, acceptable zeolite content, good attrition resistance and high packed-bed density. The chabazite-phillipsite tuff (ZE1 and ZE2) has an excellent efficiency to remove Pb and an acceptable efficiency to remove Fe, Cu, Zn and Ni from effluent wastewater of a battery factory and other industries. The faujasite-phillipsite tuff (ZE3) is 6.97 times more efficient than the ZE1 and ZE2. A bed of ZE3 (1,000 kg) loaded in a 1.17-m3 column is capable of cleaning about 2,456 m3 of the effluent from the factory at a cost of US $200/ton. The wastewater is contaminated with 20 ppm Pb in the presence of competing ions including Ca (210 ppm), Na (1,950 ppm) and Fe (169 ppm). This quantity of wastewater is equivalent to 120 working days of effluent discharge from the factory at a flow rate of 20 m3/day. 相似文献
98.
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter of a wastewater treatment plant is predicted based on wavelet decomposition, entropy, and neural networks (NN) for rapid COD analysis. This paper also describes the usage of wavelet and NNs for parameter prediction. Data from a wastewater treatment plant in Malatya, Turkey, were used. This dataset consists of daily values of influents and effluents for a year. To reduce the dimension of input parameters and to decrease the NN training time, wavelet decomposition and entropy were used. Test results were presented graphically. The test results of the trained model were found to be closer to the measured COD values. 相似文献
99.
XIONG Fahui YANG Jingsui Paul T. ROBINSON Yildirim DILEK MILUSHI Ibrahim XU Xiangzhen ZHANG Zhongming ZHOU Wen CHEN Yanhong HUANG Zhu LAI Shengming ZHANG Lan 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(Z2):102-102
<正>The ultramafic massif of Bulqiza,which belongs to the eastern ophiolitic belt of Albania,is the most important area for metallurgical chromitite ores.The massif consists of a thick(4 km)rock sequence,with a generalized profile from the bottom to the top as follows.The tectonite 相似文献
100.
MILUSHI Ibrahim 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(Z2):61-64
<正>1 A Short Introduction on the Albanian Ophiolite Albanian ophiolite(or Mirdita ophiolite)represents a remnant of the Tethyan oceanic lithosphere in the territory of Albania,as an elongated belt from south to the north,about 250 km long and 30-50 km wide.It covers an area of about 4300 km2 or 1/7 of the territory of Albania and is 相似文献