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41.
Hydraulic and numerical study on the generation of a subaqueous landslide-induced tsunami along the coast 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yoshinori Shigihara Daichi Goto Fumihiko Imamura Yuichi Kitamura Takayuki Matsubara Kazuaki Takaoka Kazuhiko Ban 《Natural Hazards》2006,39(2):159-177
By carrying out the hydraulic experiments in a one-dimensional open channel and two-dimensional basin, we clarified the process
of how a landslide on a uniform slope causes the generation of a tsunami. The effect of the interactive force that occurs
between the debris flow layer and the tsunami is significant in the generation of a tsunami. The continuous flow of the debris
into the water makes the wave period of the tsunami short. The present experiments apply numerical simulation using the two-layer
model with shear stress models on the bottom and interface, and the results are compared. The simulated debris flow shows
good agreement with the measured results and ensures the rushing process into the water. We propose that the model use a Manning
coefficient of 0.01 for the smooth slope and 0.015 for the rough slope, and a horizontal viscosity of 0.01 m2/s for the landslide; an interactive force of 0.2 for each layer is recommended. The dispersion effect should be included
in the numerical model for the propagation from the shore. 相似文献
42.
Determination of three-dimensional in situ stresses from anelastic strain recovery measurement of cores at great depth 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
In order to examine whether the anelastic strain recovery (ASR) method can be applied for determining the in situ stress in hard rocks at great depths, the anelastic strain recovery of oriented cores was measured in six independent directions. The core specimens were taken from four depths within the range of about 2400–4500 m MD at the METI Niitsu well in Japan; the rock materials were mudstone, dolerite, basalt and andesite. For all the rocks the expansional anelastic strains were obtained, the magnitude of the strains in various directions continuously measured for 1 or 2 weeks was of the order of 1000 × 10− 6 in mudstone; in contrast, strains of the other cores did not exceed a few hundred microstrains. These strains were used for a three-dimensional analysis of the principal in situ stresses. At the third depth, the principal stress directions were considered to be affected by fractures pre-existing near the core, and showed the features of a very local stress state. With the exception of this data, the directions determined by the ASR method were in agreement with those determined using other in situ measurement methods. Based on two assumptions, i.e., (i) the rock stress in vertical direction is equal to density-related gravitational overburden stress, (ii) the ratio of anelastic strain recovery compliance of shear deformation mode and the compliance of volumetric deformation mode is equal to 2, the values of the three principal stresses were estimated. The values of the minimum principal stress in the plane perpendicular to the well axis determined in this study were in agreement with those determined based on extended leak-off tests (ELOT or XLOT) conducted at the same well. Therefore, it can be said that the ASR method is well suited for use in directly determining the directions of principal in situ stresses in three dimensions and in estimating the magnitude of the stresses in isotropic rocks at great depths, such as those encountered when drilling deep into a submarine seismogenic zone. 相似文献
43.
A Hovmöller diagram analysis of the dust optical depth measured by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer shows the occurrence of quasi-periodic westwardly-propagating disturbances with timescales of 10-20 sols during summer in the south polar region of Mars. Dust clouds emerge repeatedly around the region with a latitude of around 70-80°S and a longitude of 240-300°E, move westward at speeds of 3-6 m s−1, reach the region with a longitude of 60-120°E, and finally disappear. This longitude range coincides with elevated terrains in the south polar region, and in this region an increase of dust optical depth encircling the south pole is also observed. This implies that the quasi-periodic dust events will contribute to the enhancement of the atmospheric dust loading in this region. These dust events might be related to baroclinic instability caused by the thermal contrast across the CO2 cap edge, or the horizontal advection or vertical convection with radiative-dynamical feedback. The westward movement of the dust clouds suggests steady westward winds blowing in the near-surface layer, where the quasi-periodic dust lifting is expected to occur. Such a westward cap-edge flow will be created by the Coriolis force acting on the flow from the ice side to the regolith side. 相似文献
44.
Makoto Taguchi Tetsuya Fukuhara Masahiko Futaguchi Mitsuteru Sato Takeshi Imamura Kazuaki Mitsuyama Masato Nakamura Munetaka Ueno Makoto Suzuki Naomoto Iwagami George L. Hashimoto 《Icarus》2012,219(1):502-504
Mid-infrared images of almost the entire Venus nightside hemisphere obtained by the Longwave Infrared Camera (LIR) onboard Akatsuki on December 9 and 10, 2010 reveal that the brightness temperature of the cloud-top ranges from 237 K in the cold polar collars to 243 K in the equatorial region, significantly higher than the values obtained by Venera 15. Other characteristic features of the temperature distributions observed are zonal belt structures seen in the middle and low latitudes and patchy temperature structures or quasi-periodic streaks extending in a north–south direction in the northern middle latitudes and southern low latitudes. 相似文献
45.
Yoshinobu Tsuji Hideo Matsutomi Fumihiko Imamura Minoru Takeo Yoshiaki Kawata Masafumi Matsuyama Tomoyuki Takahashi Sunarjo Prih Harjadi 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(3-4):481-524
A field survey of the 1992 Flores Island earthquake tsunami was conducted during December 29, 1992 to January 5, 1993 along the north coast of the eastern part of Flores Island. We visited over 40 villages, measured tsunami heights, and interviewed the inhabitants. It was clarified that the first wave attacked the coast within five minutes at most of the surveyed villages. The crust was uplifted west of the Cape of Batumanuk, and subsided east of it. In the residential area of Wuring, which is located on a sand spit with ground height of 2 meters, most wooden houses built on stilts collapsed and 87 people were killed even though the tsunami height reached only 3.2 meters. In the two villages on Babi Island, the tsunami swept away all wooden houses and killed 263 of 1,093 inhabitants. Tsunami height at Riang-Kroko village on the northeastern end of Flores Island reached 26.2 meters and 137 of the 406 inhabitants were killed by the tsumani. Evidence of landslides was detected at a few points on the coast of Hading Bay, and the huge tsunami was probably formed by earthquake-induced landslides. The relationship between tsunami height and mortality was checked for seven villages. The efficiencies of trees arranged in front of coastal villages, and coral reefs in dissipating the tsunami energy are discussed. 相似文献
46.
— Simulation of tsunami propagation and runup of the 1998 Papua New Guinea (PNG) earthquake tsunami using the detailed bathymetry measured by JAMSTEC and adding bathymetric data at depths less than 60 m is carried out, reproducing the tsunami energy focus into Warapu and Arop along the Sissano Lagoon. However, the computed runup heights in the lagoon are still lower than those measured. Even if the error in estimating the fault parameters is taken into consideration, computational results are similar. Analysis by the wave ray method using several scenarios of the source size of the tsunami and location by the wave ray method suggests that a source characterized by small size in water 1,000-m deep approximately 25 km offshore the lagoon, best fits the arrival determined from the interviews with eyewitnesses. A two-layer numerical model simulating the interaction of the tsunami with a landslide is employed to study the behavior of a landslide-generated tsunami with different size sand depths of the initial slide just outside the lagoon. A landslide model with a volume of 4–8 × 109 m3 is selected as the best in order to reproduce the distribution of the measured tsunami runup in the lagoon. The simulation of a tsunami generated in two stages, fault and landslide, could show good agreement with the runup heights and distribution of the arrival time, but a time gap of around 10 minutes remains, suggesting that a tsunami generated by the mainshock at 6:49 PM local time is too small for people to notice, and the following tsunami triggered by landslide or mass movement near the lagoon about ten minutes after the mainshock attacked the coast and caused the huge damage. 相似文献
47.
Masashi Watanabe Kazuhisa Goto Fumihiko Imamura Andrew Kennedy Daisuke Sugawara Norihiro Nakamura Takayuki Tonosaki 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(15):2939-2956
Clifftop coastal boulders transported by storm waves or tsunamis have been reported around the world. Although numerical calculation of boulder transport is a strong tool for the identification of tsunami or storm boulders, and for estimation of the wave size emplacing boulders, models which can reasonably solve boulder transport from below a cliff or from a cliff-edge onto a cliff-top do not yet exist. In this study, we developed a new numerical formulation for cliff-top deposition of boulders from the cliff edge or below the cliff, with validation from laboratory tests. We then applied the model using storm and tsunami wave forcing to simulate the observed boulder deposits at the northwest coast of Hachijo Island, Japan. Using the model, the actual distribution of boulders was explained well using a reasonable storm wave height without assumption of anomalously high-water level by storm surge. Results show that boulder transport from the cliff edge or under the cliff onto the cliff-top was possible from a tsunami with periods of 5~10 min or storm waves with no storm surge. However, the actual distribution of boulders on the cliff was explained only by storm waves, but not by tsunami. Therefore, the boulders distributed at this site are likely of storm wave origin. Our developed model for the boulder transport calculation can be useful for identifying a boulder's origin and can reasonably calculate cliff-top deposition of boulders by tsunami and storm waves. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
48.
Numerical identification of tsunami boulders and estimation of local tsunami size at Ibaruma reef of Ishigaki Island,Japan 
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下载免费PDF全文 Tsunami boulders deposited along the coast constitute important geological evidence for paleotsunami activity. However, boulders can also be deposited by large storm waves. Although several sedimentological and theoretical methods have been proposed to differentiate tsunami and storm wave affected boulders, no appropriate numerical method exists for their differentiation. Therefore, we developed a new numerical scheme to differentiate tsunami and storm wave boulders for coastal boulders on Ishigaki Island, Japan. In this area, tsunami and storm waves have emplaced numerous boulders on the reef and the coast. By conducting numerical calculations of storm waves in this region, we estimated the size of a storm wave that can explain the maximum clast size distribution of boulders on the reef. Consequently, we showed that a wave with a combination of 8 m in initial wave height and 10 s period can satisfy the above conditions when we assume mean sea level. In contrast to the boulders on the reef, all boulders deposited along the shore are heavier than the calculated possible maximum clast size distribution by the storm wave. Therefore, we confirmed these boulders as being of tsunami origin. Results of previous studies showed that they were most likely deposited or reworked by the 1771 Meiwa tsunami. Then, using the tsunami boulders, we numerically estimated the wave period and amplitude of the 1771 Meiwa tsunami, which should have had a 4–5 min period and 5.6–5.9, 6.3–7.0 m amplitude, respectively. Using the proposed scheme, it is possible to differentiate tsunami and storm wave boulders and estimate the size of past storm waves and tsunami waves, although it is noteworthy that there are exceptions for which the scheme cannot be applied. 相似文献
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50.
Hideaki Yanagisawa Shunichi Koshimura Kazuhisa Goto Toyohiko Miyagi Fumihiko Imamura Anat Ruangrassamee Charlchai Tanavud 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009
Using an integrated approach including satellite imagery analysis, field measurements, and numerical modeling, we investigated the damage to mangroves caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami at Pakarang Cape in Pang Nga Province, Thailand. Comparing pre- and post-tsunami satellite imagery of the study area, we found that approximately 70% of the mangrove forest was destroyed by the tsunami. Based on field observations, we found that the survival rate of mangroves increased with increasing stem diameter. Specifically, we found that 72% of Rhizophora trees with a 25–30 cm stem diameter survived the tsunami impact, whereas only 19% with a 15–20 cm stem diameter survived. We simulated the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami using the nonlinear shallow-water wave theory to reproduce the tsunami inundation flow and investigated the bending moment acting on the mangrove trees. Results of the numerical model showed that the tsunami inundated areas along the mangrove creeks, and its current velocity reached 5.0 m s−1. Based on the field measurements and numerical results, we proposed a fragility function for mangroves, which is the relationship between the probability of damage and the bending stress caused by the maximum bending moment. We refined the numerical model to include the damage probability of mangrove forests using the obtained fragility function to investigate the tsunami reduction effect of mangrove forest. Under simple numerical conditions related to the mangrove forest, ground level, and incident wave, the model showed that a mangrove forest of Rhizophora sp. with a density of 0.2 trees m−2 and a stem diameter of 15 cm in a 400 m wide area can reduce the tsunami inundation depth by 30% when the incident wave is assumed to have a 3.0 m inundation depth and a wave period of 30 min at the shoreline. However, 50% of the mangrove forest is destroyed by a 4.5 m tsunami inundation depth, and most of the mangrove forest is destroyed by a tsunami inundation depth greater than 6 m. The reduction effect of tsunami inundation depth decreased when the tsunami inundation depth exceeded 3 m, and was mostly lost when the tsunami inundation depth exceeded 6 m. 相似文献