Sequencing Batch Experiments with activated Sludge Consuming Glucose and Phenol     

V. A. Vavilin  A. Endo  J. Matsumoto 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1987,15(6):665-668

During the rather short solids retention time θ = 1.25 d phenol is not utilized by activated sludge and only glucose is consumed during the sequencing batch experiments. After glucose consumption the residual COD concentration (COD = 820 mg/l) is represented mainly by the phenol concentration. During the rather long solids retention time θ = 8 d phenol is consumed by activated sludge as well as glucose. In this case the residual COD concentration is much smaller (COD = 46 mg/l) and the ratio BOD₅/COD = 0.1 is small, too. The general model of biological treatment suggested by one the authors earlier can describe the sequencing batch experimental data rather well.  相似文献   

Erratum to: “Partial derivative of love numbers”     

S. Okubo  M. Saito  Takesi Endo  Shuhei Okubo 《Journal of Geodesy》1984,58(1):73-74

A small error in the computations ofOkubo andSaito has been corrected. The correction removes certain previously peculiar results and slightly affects partials within the inner core. The online version of the original article can be found at  相似文献   

Adjustment processes of mountainous rivers affected by tilting uplift: Laboratory experiments and a case study of Yakushima Island,Japan     

Reiko Genno  Noritaka Endo 《Island Arc》2019,28(1)

Mountainous river basins are one of the main sources of sediment. Over long time scales, sediment production is sustained by the persistent dissection of river basins, which is promoted by tectonic activity. The response or adjustment of rivers to forcing factors such as uplift is based on the concept of the graded river and a feedback mechanism between the incision and uplift. Although the development of graded rivers under natural circumstances has been discussed for a long time, knowledge about the transition of river basins under heterogeneous uplift is not enough. To understand the development of a river basin with a non‐uniform uplift rate, two simple cases are examined: landward and seaward tilting uplift, where the uplift rate varies linearly in space. For our study, laboratory experiments were conducted and the results were compared with those of natural river basins; two river basins in Yakushima Island were selected for this purpose. In both the laboratory and Yakushima, the longitudinal profile of the river basin under landward‐tilting uplift has a convex‐up zone and a specific knickpoint is formed at the upstream end of this zone. This knickpoint is inactive with respect to migration and incision owing to the insufficient cumulative uplift to the equilibrium state. It was also observed in both the experimental and natural cases that the profile of the river basin under seaward tilting is unlikely to have such a convex‐up zone in the long term, and will instead have a smooth concave profile. Therefore, the spatiotemporal pattern of dissection differs depending on the type of tilting uplift, which suggests that sediment production also varies in time and space according to the type of uplift.  相似文献   

Ion upflow and downflow at the topside ionosphere observed by the EISCAT VHF radar   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

M. Endo  R. Fujii  Y. Ogawa  S. C. Buchert  S. Nozawa  S. Watanabe  N. Yoshida 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(2):170-181

We have determined the MLT distribution and KpK_P dependence of the ion upflow and downflow of the thermal bulk oxygen ion population based on a data analysis using the EISCAT VHF radar CP-7 data obtained at Tromsø during the period between 1990 and 1996: (1) both ion upflow and downflow events can be observed at any local time (MLT), irrespective of dayside and nightside, and under any magnetic disturbance level, irrespective of quiet and disturbed levels; (2) these upflow and downflow events are more frequently observed in the nightside than in the dayside; (3) the upflow events are more frequently observed than the downflow events at any local time except midnight and at any K_P level and the difference of the occurrence frequencies between the upflow and downflow events is smaller around midnight; and (4) the occurrence frequencies of both the ion upflow and downflow events appear to increase with increasing KP level, while the occurrence frequency of the downflow appears to stop increasing at some KP level  相似文献   

Granulite formation in a Gondwana fragment: petrology and mineral equilibrium modeling of incipient charnockite from Mavadi, southern India     

Takahiro Endo  Toshiaki Tsunogae  M. Santosh  Hisako Shimizu  E. Shaji 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,107(5):727-738

We report a new occurrence of incipient charnockite from Mavadi in the Trivandrum Granulite Block (TGB), southern India, and discuss the petrogenesis of granulite formation in an arrested stage on the basis of petrography, geothermobarometry, and mineral equilibrium modeling. In Mavadi, patches and lenses of charnockite (Kfs?+?Qtz?+?Pl?+?Bt?+?Grt?+?Opx?+?Ilm?+?Mag) of about 30 to 220 cm in length occur within Opx-free Grt-Bt gneiss (Kfs?+?Qtz?+?Pl?+?Bt?+?Grt?+?Ilm). The application of mineral equilibrium modeling on the charnockite assemblage in the NCKFMASHTO system to constrain the conditions of charnockitization defines a P–T range of 800 °C at 4.5 kbar to 850 °C at 8.5 kbar, which is broadly consistent with the results from the conventional geothermobarometry (810–880 °C at 7.7–8.0 kbar) on these rocks. The P–T conditions are lower than the peak metamorphic conditions reported for the ultrahigh-temperature granulites from this area (T?>?900 °C). The heterogeneity in peak P–T conditions within the same crustal block might be related to local buffering of metamorphic temperatures by the Opx-Bt-Kfs-Qtz assemblage. The result of T versus mole H₂O (M(H₂O)) modeling demonstrated that the Opx-free assemblage in the Grt-Bt gneiss is stable at M(H₂O)?=?0.3 to 1.5 mol%, and orthopyroxene occurs as a stable mineral at M(H₂O) <0.3 mol%, which is consistent with the petrogenetic model of incipient charnockite related to the lowering of the water activity and stabilization of orthopyroxene through the breakdown of biotite by dehydration caused by the infiltration of CO₂-rich fluid from external sources. We also propose a possible alternative mechanism to form charnockite from Grt-Bt gneiss through slight variations in bulk-rock chemistry (particularly for the K- and Fe-rich portion of Grt-Bt gneiss) that can enhance the stability of orthopyroxene rather than that of biotite, with K-metasomatism playing a possible role.  相似文献   

A new approach to develop the Raman carbonaceous material geothermometer for low‐grade metamorphism using peak width     

Yui Kouketsu  Tomoyuki Mizukami  Hiroshi Mori  Shunsuke Endo  Mutsuki Aoya  Hidetoshi Hara  Daisuke Nakamura  Simon Wallis 《Island Arc》2014,23(1):33-50

The Raman spectra of carbonaceous material (CM) from 19 metasediment samples collected from six widely separated areas of Southwest Japan and metamorphosed at temperatures from 165 to 655°C show systematic changes with metamorphic temperature that can be classified into four types: low‐grade CM (c. 150–280°C), medium‐grade CM (c. 280–400°C), high‐grade CM (c. 400–650°C), and well‐crystallized graphite (> c. 650°C). The Raman spectra of low‐grade CM exhibit features typical of amorphous carbon, in which several disordered bands (D‐band) appear in the first‐order region. In the Raman spectra of medium‐grade CM, the graphite band (G‐band) can be recognized and several abrupt changes occur in the trends for several band parameters. The observed changes indicate that CM starts to transform from amorphous carbon to crystallized graphite at around 280°C, and this transformation continues until 400°C. The G‐band becomes the most prominent peak at high‐grade CM suggesting that the CM structure is close to that of well‐crystallized graphite. In the highest temperature sample of 655°C, the Raman spectra of CM show a strong G‐band with almost no recognizable D‐band, implying the CM grain is well‐crystallized graphite. In the Raman spectra of low‐ to medium‐grade CM, comparisons of several band parameters with the known metamorphic temperature show inverse correlations between metamorphic temperature and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the D1‐ and D2‐bands. These correlations are calibrated as new Raman CM geothermometers, applicable in the range of c. 150–400°C. Details of the methodology for peak decomposition of Raman spectra from the low to medium temperature range are also discussed with the aim of establishing a robust and user‐friendly geothermometer.  相似文献   

Short-term flow fluctuations in Onagawa Bay,Japan, as revealed by long-term mooring observation     

Daisuke Takahashi  Kenji Kaneko  Yasushi Gomi  Yuki Minegishi  Michihiro Shoji  Hikaru Endo  Akihiro Kijima 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(1):67-86

Short-term flow fluctuations in the southern central part of Onagawa Bay were examined using long-term mooring and hydrographic data observed during the period from May 2013 to April 2014. The short-term flow fluctuations were dominant in the periodic bands of 15–27 days and shorter than 10 days. The principal and minor components of these flow fluctuations were respectively along and across the local isobaths, which are almost parallel in the north direction. The northward flow fluctuations along the local isobaths were correlated with the northeastward wind fluctuations in both periodic bands, and these correlations were more evident from fall to winter. On the basis of these results, the northward flows are regarded as wind-induced barotropic coastal jets. On other hand, the eastward flow fluctuations across the local isobaths were related to inflow and outflow via the bay mouth or the Izushima Channel. Inflow and outflow with reverse flow at lower depths formed in summer, but those with vertically uniform flow tended to form in winter. The main summertime inflow and outflow were driven by horizontal gradients in density. These permit us to regard the main summertime inflow and outflow as gravitational circulation. Also, the summertime inflow can be intermittently caused by internal waves.  相似文献   

Contamination level of mercury in red meat products from cetaceans available from South Korea markets     

Endo T  Yong-Un M  Baker CS  Funahashi N  Lavery S  Dalebout ML  Lukoschek V  Haraguchi K 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(6):669-677

Levels of total mercury (T-Hg) were surveyed in red meat (n=73) and liver (n=3) from toothed whales, dolphins and porpoises (odontocetes) sold for human consumption in the coastal cities of South Korea. High concentrations of T-Hg were found in the liver products of finless porpoises (18.7 and 156 microg/wet g) and common dolphins (13.2 microg/wet g). The T-Hg concentrations in red meat products were highest in the false killer whale (9.66+/-12.3 microg/wet g, n=9), bottlenose dolphin (10.6+/-12.6 microg/wet g, n=3) and killer whale (13.3 microg/wet g, n=1), and lowest in Cuvier's beaked whale and the harbour porpoise (0.4-0.5 microg/wet g). Thus, most of the products that originated from odontocetes exceeded the safety limit of 0.5 microg/wet g for T-Hg set by the South Korean health authorities for the fishery industry. Pregnant women and other vulnerable sectors of the population living in South Korea should therefore limit their consumption of odontocete products.  相似文献   

Inverse Problem and Solution of the Kolmogorov Model for Bed Thickness Distribution     

Noritaka Endo 《Mathematical Geosciences》2010,42(8):955-968

Bed thickness is an important factor when interpreting geologic records to determine the past environment; it is related to the sediment transport and debris production rates. Because of the inherent uncertainty of these phenomena, a probabilistic model is useful for dealing with the problem. Many probabilistic models are variations of the Kolmogorov model, which is a type of random-walk model. The Kolmogorov model is a simple mathematical model that has a wide range of applications. However, when estimating paleo-environments from geologic records, the inverse problem is more practical than the forward problem, but the former has not been well discussed. Previous applications have estimated the probability density function (PDF) for stochastic steady states (including virtual cumulative erosion that is not physically observable) but not for independent events, and the difference between the results for these two kinds of PDFs has not been analyzed. This study considers the inverse problem of the Kolmogorov model and the properties of its solution. This study found that (1) the inverse problem can be solved analytically in a general form; (2) the difference between the above two PDFs can exceed 10% in some cases; and (3) different PDFs for the deposition and erosion magnitudes of independent events can reproduce the same bed thickness distribution of preserved layers.  相似文献   

Potential of superelastic Cu–Al–Mn alloy bars for seismic applications     

Y. Araki  T. Endo  T. Omori  Y. Sutou  Y. Koetaka  R. Kainuma  K. Ishida 《地震工程与结构动力学》2011,40(1):107-115

We present the results of the quasi‐static cyclic tensile tests of Cu–Al–Mn shape memory alloy (SMA) bars of 4 and 8 mm diameters to examine their superelasticity and other mechanical properties closely related to seismic applications. The present Cu–Al–Mn SMA bars have achieved the recovery strains of over 8% and the fracture strains of over 17%. Low‐cycle fatigue was observed in neither of the bars. The mechanical properties obtained from the test, along with the lower material cost and higher machinability than Ni–Ti SMAs, demonstrate the high potential of the present Cu–Al–Mn SMA bars to be used in seismic applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献