Non-hyperbolic moveout inversion of wide-azimuth P-wave data for orthorhombic media     

Ivan Vasconcelos  Ilya Tsvankin 《Geophysical Prospecting》2006,54(5):535-552

The azimuthally varying non‐hyperbolic moveout of P‐waves in orthorhombic media can provide valuable information for characterization of fractured reservoirs and seismic processing. Here, we present a technique to invert long‐spread, wide‐azimuth P‐wave data for the orientation of the vertical symmetry planes and five key moveout parameters: the symmetry‐plane NMO velocities, V⁽¹⁾_nmo and V⁽²⁾_nmo , and the anellipticity parameters, η⁽¹⁾, η⁽²⁾ and η⁽³⁾ . The inversion algorithm is based on a coherence operator that computes the semblance for the full range of offsets and azimuths using a generalized version of the Alkhalifah–Tsvankin non‐hyperbolic moveout equation. The moveout equation provides a close approximation to the reflection traveltimes in layered anisotropic media with a uniform orientation of the vertical symmetry planes. Numerical tests on noise‐contaminated data for a single orthorhombic layer show that the best‐constrained parameters are the azimuth ? of one of the symmetry planes and the velocities V⁽¹⁾_nmo and V⁽²⁾_nmo , while the resolution in η⁽¹⁾ and η⁽²⁾ is somewhat compromised by the trade‐off between the quadratic and quartic moveout terms. The largest uncertainty is observed in the parameter η⁽³⁾ , which influences only long‐spread moveout in off‐symmetry directions. For stratified orthorhombic models with depth‐dependent symmetry‐plane azimuths, the moveout equation has to be modified by allowing the orientation of the effective NMO ellipse to differ from the principal azimuthal direction of the effective quartic moveout term. The algorithm was successfully tested on wide‐azimuth P‐wave reflections recorded at the Weyburn Field in Canada. Taking azimuthal anisotropy into account increased the semblance values for most long‐offset reflection events in the overburden, which indicates that fracturing is not limited to the reservoir level. The inverted symmetry‐plane directions are close to the azimuths of the off‐trend fracture sets determined from borehole data and shear‐wave splitting analysis. The effective moveout parameters estimated by our algorithm provide input for P‐wave time imaging and geometrical‐spreading correction in layered orthorhombic media.  相似文献   

Preface     

Ivan Pšenčík 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2006,50(3):323-324

  相似文献   

Tin–polymetallic sulfide deposits in the eastern part of the Dachang tin field (South China) and the role of black shales in their origin   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Pašava  Jan  Kříbek  Bohdan  Dobeš  Petr  Vavřín  Ivan  Žák  Karel  Delian  Fan  Tao  Zhang  Boiron  Marie-Christine 《Mineralium Deposita》2003,38(1):39-66

The Dafulou and Huile vein and stratabound cassiterite-sulfide deposits and sheeted ore veins at the Kangma cassiterite-sulfide deposit are located in the eastern part of the Dachang tin field. These deposits are hosted in a sedimentary sequence containing significant concentrations of organic matter in the form of Lower Devonian calcareous black shales and hornfels. These rocks together with the younger intrusion of Longxianggai granite (91DŽ Ma) actively participated in the formation of Sn-polymetallic deposits. The following three major stages have been distinguished in stratiform and vein-type orebodies at Dafulou, Huile and Kangma: stage I (cassiterite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, tourmaline, carbonate), stage II - main sulfide stage (quartz, cassiterite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, stannite, pyrite, carbonates) and stage III (native Bi, galena, electrum, sulfosalts). Stage IV (post-ore), recognized at Huile is represented by barren carbonates and zeolites. Whole rock geochemistry has revealed that at Dafulou, Bi and Cu correlate strongly with S, whereas V and Pb correlate well with C_org (organic carbon). The similar distribution patterns of selected elements in average slightly mineralized low-Ca black shales indicate a fluid composition similar for all deposits studied. Studies of graphitization of the organic matter in black shales adjacent to orebodies indicate that d₍₀₀₂₎ and FWHM (full width in half maximum)/peak height values gradually decrease in the following sequence: Dafulou deposit M Kangma deposit M Huile deposit. The pyrolysate of wall rocks at the Dafulou deposit is relatively enriched in asphaltenes and maltenes (55.6-72.0% of the pyrolysate) comparable with pyrolysate obtained from more distal black shales (19.2-28.5%). Typical GC-MS spectra of pyrolysate from distal black shales are dominated by alkanes in the n-C15 to n-C25 range, aromatic molecules being represented mostly by alkyl-naphthalenes. In contrast, only traces of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the n-C14 to n-C18 range and elemental sulfur were identified in pyrolysates from pyrrhotitized wall rocks. The earliest fluid inclusions of the studied system occur in the quartz-tourmaline-cassiterite assemblage of stage I at Dafulou. These inclusions are H₂O-CO₂-CH₄-rich, with 10 to 20 vol% of aqueous phase. P-T conditions of the trapping of inclusions are estimated to be up to 400 °C and 1.3 to 2.0 kbar (between 5.0 and 7.5 km under lithostatic pressure). In contrast, the presence of a low density gaseous CO₂-CH₄ phase indicates relatively low pressures during the formation of the breccia-type quartz-calcite-cassiterite-sulfide mineralization (stage II), when P-T conditions probably reached approx. 380 to 400 °C and 0.6 kbar (up to 6 km under hydrostatic pressure). Fluid inclusion data and oxygen isotope thermometry indicate that cassiterite-sulfide ores of the main sulfide stage (stage II) formed from aqueous-carbonic fluid (CO₂/CH₄ =ᄺ) at temperatures of up to 390 °C at Dafulou and in a temperature range of 250 to 360 °C at Huile and 260 to 370 °C at Kangma. The '³⁴S values of sulfides from Dafulou range mostly between -1 and -6‰, whereas sulfides from the Kangma and Huile deposits are characterized by more negative '³⁴S values (between -8 and -11‰, and between -9 and -12‰, respectively). These data suggest that bacteriogenic sulfides of black shales were a dominant source of reduced sulfur for epigenetic (vein and replacement) mineralization. Oxygen isotopic compositions of five quartz-cassiterite pairs from Dafulou and Huile show a relatively narrow range of calculated oxygen isotope temperatures (250-320 °C, using the equation of Alderton 1989) and high '¹⁸O_fluid values between +8 and +10‰ (SMOW), which are in agreement with fluid derivation from and/or high temperature equilibration with the Longxianggai granite. The carbon and oxygen isotope composition of carbonates reflects variable carbon sources. Stage I calcite is characterized by narrow ranges of '¹³C (-7.0 to -9.5‰ PDB) and '¹⁸O (+15.0 to +17.5‰ SMOW). This calcite shows ubiquitous deformation, evidenced by intense development of twins. Fluid compositions calculated at 330 °C for the Dafulou and Huile deposits and at 270-300 °C for the Kangma deposit ('¹⁸O_fluid between +10.0 and +11.5‰ SMOW, '¹³C_fluid between -5.5 and -7.5‰ PDB), agree with fluid derivation from and/or equilibration with the peraluminous, high-'¹⁸O Longxianggai granite and suggest a significant influence of contact metasedimentary sequences (carbon derived from decomposition and/or alteration of organic matter of calcareous black shales). The '¹³ C values of organic matter from the Lower to Upper Devonian host rocks at the Dafulou deposit (-24.0 and -28.0‰) fit with a marine origin from algae. However, organic matter adjacent to the host rock-ore contact displays a slight enrichment in ¹³C. The organic carbon from the Huile and Kangma deposits is even more ¹³C enriched (-24.6 to -23.5‰). The most heavy '¹³ C values (-16.5‰) were detected in hornfels sampled at the contact of the Upper Devonian sediments with the Longxianggai granite. The '¹³C data broadly correlate with the degree of structural ordering (degree of graphitization) of organic matter, which indicates that both variables are related to thermal overprint.  相似文献   

Linear Amplification of Horizontal Strong Ground Motion in Zagreb (Croatia) for a Realistic Range of Scaled Point Sources   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Marijan Herak  Ivan Lokmer  Franco Vaccari  Giuliano F. Panza 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2004,161(5-6):1021-1040

— The linear amplification of the larger horizontal component of strong ground motion along a selected profile in the city of Zagreb is estimated by examining the synthetic waveforms corresponding to a suite of 16 realistically chosen scaled point sources. The accelerograms, computed for the average bedrock model by modal summation, are propagated through local laterally heterogeneous anelastic models by the finite-difference algorithm. The ratio of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and of the response spectra (RS), obtained by using local and bedrock models, define the PGA and RS amplification AMP(PGA) and AMP(RS), respectively. Even variations of the order of commonly observed uncertainties of only dip and rake angles of the causative fault show that both AMP(PGA) and AMP(RS) vary at some sites by more than a factor of two. It follows that, especially for strongly laterally heterogeneous structures, local effects must be determined for each of the relevant sources considering all associated uncertainties as completely as possible. Such a conclusion certainly holds for the case of the microzonation of Zagreb, where the local geology is quite complex, and the seismicity is not confined to a single seismic source zone.  相似文献   

Mønsted and Sevel salt domes,North Jutland,and their influence on the Quaternary morphology     

Ivan Madirazza 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1968,57(3):1034-1066

This paper deals with two salt domes, Mønsted and Sevel, located in northern Jutland, and is primarily concerned with the problem of Quaternary salt tectonics and its possible relationship to the Quaternary morphology.Geological mapping of the two areas during the summers of 1965 and 1966 included a detailed surveying by means of a theodolite of a stream valley extending over the north-eastern part of Mønsted salt dome and of two valleys in the southern part of Sevel salt dome. In the Mønsted area extensive use of aerial photographs was made.In the light of the results of the geological study, an interpretation of the available geophysical data — in the case of Mønsted both gravimetric and magnetic — is attempted.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Salzstöcke Mønsted und Sevel in Nordjütland werden untersucht. Es wird versucht in beiden Gebieten eine Beziehung zwischen Quartär-Morphologie und Salztektonik herzustellen.Eine geologische Kartierung der beiden Gebiete wurde im Sommer 1965 und 1966 durchgeführt. Sie umfaßt eine detaillierte Vermessung des Bachlaufes, der über den Nordostteil des Mønsted-Salzstockes fließt, so wie zweier Täler im Südteil des Sevel-Salzstockes.Die Ergebnisse der geologischen Untersuchung werden in Beziehung zu den geophysikalischen Daten — für Mønsted gravimetrische und magnetische gesetzt.

---

Résumé Cet article traite deux dômes de sel, Mønsted et Sevel, situés au Nord du Jutland, et il s'occupe en premier lieu du problème de la tectonique du sel pendant le Quaternaire, et son éventuelle influence sur la morphologie quaternaire.L'étude géologique des deux régions, faite au cours des étés 1965 et 1966, comprenait un mesurage détaillé à l'aide d'un théodolite d'une vallée qui s étend sur la partie Nord-Est du dôme de sel à Mønsted et de deux vallées dans la partie Sud du dôme de sel à Sevel. Dans le cas de Mønsted on a fait ample usage de photographies aériennes.S'appuyant sur les résultats de l'étude géologique, l'auteur propose une interprétation des données géophysiques disponibles, qui dans le cas de Mønsted, comportent des mesurages tant gravimétriques que magnétiques.

---

Mø nsted Sevel . . ( Mønsted).

  相似文献   

Hydromagnetic dynamo model with spiral convection     

Ivan Cupal  Reviewer G. Siráň 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1976,20(3):236-254

Summary The present paper deals with a hydromagnetic dynamo model of the generation mechanism of the Earth's magnetic field. An attempt has been made at selecting a flow-velocity field in the Earth's core which would satisfy the condition 0 for regenerating the field according to [2], and which would yield a velocity field pattern on the core surface as given in the papers by Kahle et al. [9]. These conditions are satisfied by the velocityv=V ₁+U ₂ ^c –V ₂ ^c and, geometrically, this velocity field is represented in space by a spiral convective motion. On the core surface two downflows and two upflows with the corresponding rotating cells may then be found. Only the axisymmetric harmonic component regeneration of the magnetic field has been considered. Adequate regeneration equations have been obtained by means of Braginski's method of quantity estimates in order of magnitude.  相似文献   

Geometrical spreading of seismic body waves in laterally inhomogeneous media with curved interfaces of the second order     

Vlastislav ěrvený  Ivan Pšenčík  Reviewer J. Vaněk 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1975,19(3):298-299

Summary Seismic rays and geometrical spreading in laterally inhomogeneous media are described by a system of ordinary differential equations of the first order. When the ray crosses an interface of the second order, certain quantities in the system change discontinuously. The initial conditions for the system at the point of intersection of the ray with the interface are presented.  相似文献   

Tracking station positioning from artificial satellite observations     

Ivan I. Mueller 《Surveys in Geophysics》1975,2(3):243-276

  相似文献   

Short chain aliphatic acid anions in oil field waters and their contribution to the measured alkalinity     

L.M. Willey  Y.K. Kharaka  T.S. Presser  J.B. Rapp  Ivan Barnes 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1975,39(12):1707-1711

High alkalinity values found in some formation waters from Kettleman North Dome oil field are due chiefly to acetate and propionate ions, with some contribution from higher molecular weight organic acid ions. Some of these waters contain no detectable bicarbonate alkalinity. For waters such as these, high supersaturation with respect to calcite will be incorrectly indicated by thermodynamic calculations based upon carbonate concentrations inferred from traditional alkalinity measurements  相似文献   

On verification of the asymptotic model of the first kind     

Ivan I. Shevchenko 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1993,202(1):45-56

For the case of closed Friedmann models with the cosmological constant, an N - dependence is plotted, whereN is the conformal time of existence of the Universe, and is the ratio of the cosmological constant to its Einstein's value. The observational properties of the asymptotic model of the first kind (the so-called Al model) corresponding to the maximum of this dependence are analyzed. For the matter-dominated models, the maximum is achieved at the point = 1. Formulae for the calculation of the age of the Universe and for that of the photometric distance in the Al model are deduced. The observational properties of the A1 model are compared to the corresponding properties of the standard cosmological model ( = 0) which does not occupy any special distinguished position on the N - diagram. It is shown that from the standpoint of the modern observational cosmology these two models cannot be told one from another. However, the A1 model has better standing from the viewpoint of the strong wordings of the anthropic cosmological principle.  相似文献