Eine Deutung der D-Schicht-Winter-Anomalie und des “Berliner Phänomens”     

J. Drimmel 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1964,14(2):213-217

Zusammenfassung Die bisher ungeklärte Winter-Anomalie der D-Schicht sowie die explosionsartigen Erwärmungen der Hochstratosphäre im Winter können durch Staubpartikel interplanetaren Ursprungs (Meteorströme) hervorgerufen werden. Eine Anlagerung von Elektronen an die Staubteilchen in der Exosphäre bewirkt das Einfangen der kleinsten Partikel durch das erdmagnetische Feld und verhindert so ihr Verglühen in der Ionosphäre. Durch Sedimentation und turbulente Diffusion gelangt der Meteorstaub bis in die Ozonosphäre, wo er oxydiert wird und so eine plötzliche Wärmeentwicklung zur Folge hat. Die angelagerten Elektronen exosphärischen Ursprungs können bei zeitgerechter Photoablösung elektromagnetische Wellen dämpfen und so die Winter-Anomalie der D-Schicht hervorrufen.

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Summary The winter-anomaly of the ionospheric D-region for which no sufficient explanation existed up to now, as well as the explosive warming of the high stratosphere in wintertime are possibly caused by dust particles of inter-planetary origin (meteoric showers). The attachment of electrons on the dust particles in the exosphere causes the magnetic field of the earth to catch the smallest particles and so they do not evaporate in the ionosphere. By sedimentation and turbulent diffusion the meteoric dust reaches the ozonosphere where it is oxidized, which is followed by a sudden development of heat. After photo-detachment in due time the formerly attached electrons of exospheric origin are able to damp electro-magnetic waves and by this they cause the winter-anomaly of the D-region.

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Résumé L'anomalie de la couche D — inexplicable jusqu'ici — ainsi que les hausses prodigieusement rapides de la température de la haute stratosphère, deux phénomènes particuliers de l'hiver, peuvent être provoquées par des particules de poussière d'origine interplanétaire (courants de météorites). Des électrons adhérant, dans l'exosphère, aux grains de poussière permettent l'entraînement des plus petites particules par le champ magnétique terrestre et empèchent ainsi leur désintégration dans l'ionosphère. Par sédimentation et diffusion turbulente, la poussière cosmique parvient ensuite jusque dans l'ozonosphère où elle est oxydée. Il en résulte alors un dégagement subit de chaleur. Les électrons d'origine exosphérique adhérant à la poussière cosmique peuvent atténuer, s'ils s'en détachent en temps opportun sous l'effet du rayonnement solaire, les ondes électromagnétiques et provoquer ainsi l'anomalie d'hiver de la couche D.

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Models of the Southern Oscillation in the 300–100 mb layer and the basis of seasonal forecasting     

D. J. Schove 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1963,55(1):249-261

Summary The geometry of the principal Upper High (near the Indian Occean) in the 300–100 mb layer appears to account for the Southern Oscillation (S.O.), and models of its behaviour are presented. Significant features of these models include the equatorial points of upper convergence (C) and divergence (D), a pressure discontinuity (CNDS) forming «arcs» and an «enclosure» around the high, and, lastly, encircling «crescents» both outside and inside the enclosure. The geography of the seasonal sucession can thus—in a qualitative manner—be interpreted in the light of known wind and contour patterns near the tropopause. With a few general principles, the established empirical rules of long-range forecasting then follow by deduction. The models and the terminology are useful likewise in the interpretation of solar-terrestrial relations and of climatic fluctuations.  相似文献   

Equivalent thickness of the outer ionosphere obtained by evaluation of Faraday records     

E. Argence  R. Eyfrig  H. A. Hess  A. Paul  K. Rawer 《Planetary and Space Science》1963,11(12):1431-1457

With an appropriate system of higher order approximations the Faraday-effect is calculated for instantaneous ionospheric models the data of which are derived from the results of vertical soundings. Only one parameter which corresponds to the thickness of the outer ionosphere is left open; it is determined by global comparison with simultaneous Faraday-observations of satellite emissions. The thickness parameter shows various forms of variation with latitude; an increase towards north is the rule for quiet daytime conditions. Comparison with local methods shows considerable differences due to the indetermination of the absolute number of rotations.  相似文献   

Melting Relationships in the System CaO-MgO-CO2-H2O, with Petrological Applications     

WYLLIE  PETER J. 《Journal of Petrology》1965,6(1):101-123

Phase relationships on the vapor-saturated liquidus surfacein the system CaO-MgO-CO₂-H₂O have been deduced from data inthe systems CaO CO₂-H₂O, CaO-MgO-CO₂, and MgO-CO₂-H₂O, and frompreliminary experiments in the quaternary system. These areillustrated in composition tetrahedra, and in isobaric sectionsthrough the petrogenetic model. The univariant PT curve forthe beginning of melting lies between 625? C and 600? C in thepressure range 10 bars to 4 kilobars, in the presence of a vaporphase rich in H₂O. The curve is divided into three sectionsby two invariant points, each section having a different primarymagnesian phase involved in the melting reaction. Periclaseoccurs on the low-pressure section (less than about 1 kilobar),and with increasing pressure first brucite and then dolomitebecome stable on the liquidus. The pressure of the second invariantpoint, above which dolomite is stable on the liquidus, is notknown. The effect of FeO as an additional component is considered.Processes of crystallization resulting from changes in temperature,in pressure, and in the composition of the vapor phase are discussed.These processes are applied to the crystallization and differentiationof carbonatite magmas, and the reverse processes involving fusionare applied to the metamorphism of dolomites. Crystallizationdifferentiation of a carbonatite magma could produce the sequenceof intrusion observed at some carbonatite complexes: calcitics?vite, followed by ankeritic s?vite, and finally sideriticcarbonatite. Partial melting may occur during the thermal metamorphismof dolomites, but melting is unlikely during regional metamorphism.  相似文献   

Jarosit KFe3(S04)2(OH)6 aus Stassfurter Carnallit     

Professor Dr. . Braitsch  Dr. K. Keil 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1965,11(3):247-249

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Buchbesprechungen     

F. Steinhauser  W. Mörikofer  K. Cehak  W. Müller 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1965,13(4):558-568

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Buchbesprechungen     

F. Steinhauser  W. Mörikofer  J. Drimmel  Peter Steinhauser 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1965,15(2):251-264

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Zur Luftverunreinigung durch turbulente Diffusion     

Professor Dr. H. Reuter  Dr. K. Cehak 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1965,15(2):192-204

Zusammenfassung Nach einer kurzen Diskussion der theoretischen Grundlagen für die Berechnung der Ausbreitung von schädlichen Beimengungen der Luft auf Grund der Gesetzmäßigkeiten der turbulenten Diffusion wird mit Hilfe der vonPasquill angegebenen empirischen Beziehungen zwischen Streuungsmaßen und Quelldistanz die Formel für die Immissionskonzentration am Boden abgeleitet. An Hand einer Reihe von Beispielen wird das Bodenkonzentrationsfeld relativ zu dem Punkt maximaler Immissionskonzentration berechnet, wobei eine feste Schornsteinhöhe von 40 m und eine für mittlere Emittenten zutreffende Auswurfmenge an schädlichen Gasen vorausgesetzt wird. Die Abbildungen zeigen die starke Modifikation des Konzentrationsfeldes durch die meteorologischen Verhältnisse, je nachdem, ob ein stabiler, indifferenter oder labiler Ausbreitungstyp vorliegt.

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Summary After a short discussion of the theoretical background for the calculation of the spreading of the noxious pollutants of the air based on the laws of turbulent diffusion a formula is derived for the concentration of the immisison on the ground with help of the empirical relations between the dispersion measures and the distance from the source given byPasquill. In some examples the concentration field at the ground relative to the point of maximum immission is calculated, considering a fixed height of the funnel of 40 m and a quantity of noxious gases as usually found with average emittents. The figures show a strong modification of the concentration field by the meteorological situation according to whether the spreading type is stable, indifferent or unstable.

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Résumé On discute tout d'abord brièvement les fondements théoriques permettant de calculer la propagation des pollutions atmosphériques; pour ce faire, on se base sur les lois de la diffusion turbulente. On en tire ensuite une formule de calcul de la concentration des immissions à l'aide des relations empiriques dePasquill, relations existant entre les quantités répandues et la distance de la source. On calcule au moyen d'une série d'exemples le champ des concentrations au sol par rapport au point de concentration maximum; pour ce faire, on admet und chemineé fixe de 40 mètres de hauteur et une quantité de gaz nocifs correspondant à une moyenne de polluants. Les figures montrent la forte modification que subit la répartition des concentrations selon les conditions météorologiques, en d'autres termes si l'on a affaire à un type de propagation stable, indifférent ou instable.

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Mit 5 Textabbildungen  相似文献   

Note on the propagation of waves from a spherical cavity in an infinite solid     

S. K. Chakraborty  A. B. Roy 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1965,60(1):23-28

Summary The present note, as its title implies, is concerned with the investigation of disturbances in an infinite elastic medium containing an initial magnetic field in the axial direction. The equations ofMaxwell, those of elasticity have been effectively made use of to solve the problem.  相似文献   

SUPER-WIDE ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY AND ITS APPLICATION WITH VARIOUS TECHNIQUES     

J. A. Eden 《The Photogrammetric Record》1966,5(27):150-169

Some of the advantages and disadvantages of super-wide angle photography are discussed. Special reference is made to photography of an area in Bechuanaland, when airborne profile recorder and horizon camera were used in conjunction with aerial photography. Data from these ancillary aids were used in the subsequent adjustment procedure. The paper concludes with an account of analytical bridging using super-wide angle photography and a monocomparator.  相似文献