Provenance of sediment in the Labrador Current: a record of hinterland glaciation over the past 125 ka          下载免费PDF全文

LONGJIANG MAO  DAVID J. W. PIPER  FRANCKY SAINT‐ANGE  JOHN T. ANDREWS  MARKUS KIENAST 《第四纪科学杂志》2014,29(7):650-660

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North‐eastern Laurentide,western Greenland and southern Innuitian ice stream dynamics during the last glacial cycle          下载免费PDF全文

QUENTIN SIMON  CLAUDE HILLAIRE‐MARCEL  GUILLAUME ST‐ONGE  JOHN T. ANDREWS 《第四纪科学杂志》2014,29(1):14-26

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Paleoenvironments during Younger Dryas‐Early Holocene retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet from outer Disko Trough,central west Greenland          下载免费PDF全文

ANNE E. JENNINGS  MARIAH E. WALTON  COLM Ó COFAIGH  AOIBHEANN KILFEATHER  JOHN T. ANDREWS  JOSEPH D. ORTIZ  ANNE DE VERNAL  JULIAN A. DOWDESWELL 《第四纪科学杂志》2014,29(1):27-40

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MULTIVARIATE GEOMORPHIC ANALYSIS OF FOREST STREAMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE IMPACTS ON CHANNEL CONDITION     

RICHARD D. WOOD-SMITH  JOHN M. BUFFINGTON 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1996,21(4):377-393

Multivariate statistical analyses of geomorphic variables from 23 forest stream reaches in southeast Alaska result in successful discrimination between pristine streams and those disturbed by land management, specifically timber harvesting and associated road building. Results of discriminant function analysis indicate that a three-variable model discriminates 10 disturbed from 13 undisturbed reaches with 90 per cent and 92 per cent correct classification respectively. These variables are the total number of pools per reach, the ratio of mean residual pool depth to mean bankfull depth, and the ratio of critical shear stress of the median surface grain size to bankfull shear stress. The last variable can be dropped without a decrease in rate of correct classification; however, the resulting two-variable model may be less robust. Analysis of the distribution of channel units, including pool types, can also be used to discriminate disturbed from undisturbed reaches and is particularly useful for assessment of aquatic habitat condition. However, channel unit classification and inventory can be subject to considerable error and observer bias. Abundance of pool-related large woody debris is highly correlated with pool frequency and is an important factor determining channel morphology. Results of this study yield a much needed, objective, geomorphic discrimination of pristine and disturbed channel conditions, providing a reference standard for channel assessment and restoration efforts.  相似文献   

A LATE PLEISTOCENE INTERTIDAL BOULDER PAVEMENT FROM AN ISOSTATICALLY EMERGENT COAST,DUNDALK BAY,EASTERN IRELAND     

A. MARSHALL McCABE  JOHN R. HAYNES 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1996,21(6):555-572

Late Pleistocene sequences around Dundalk Bay, eastern Ireland, record glaciomarine sedimentation near the margin of a grounded ice lobe around 15 ka BP. A coastal exposure at Cooley Point consists of four major facies deposited outside this ice limit. (1) A basal mud facies deposited from sediment plumes accumulated following the initial ice marginal retreat inland. It contains a well-preserved Arctic microfauna dominated by the foram Elphidium clavatum and the ostracod Roundstonia globulifera. (2) A flat to undulating boulder facies (pavement), mostly one clast thick, is found pressed into the mud and is characterized by bevelled and striated upper clast surfaces. Pavement attributes are a result of intertidal activity in a cold climate. The boulder source is due to rafting by ice floes from glacigenic debris deposited during an ice advance. (3) Laminated sand facies drape the pavement and are a result of variable current activity. (4) The overlying gravel facies is separated from the sand facies by a marine erosion surface. The gravel facies is subaqueous, channelized and is overlain by late glacial raised beach ridges. Locally the gravels have been deformed by ice pressure from partially floating ice floes. Facies changes record terrestrial submergence and provide evidence for changes in relative sea level during part of the last deglacial cycle. The boulder pavement and deformed gravel facies suggest that ice floes and sea ice effects may be more common within stratigraphies along emergent coasts than previously thought, though they have a low preservation potential. Extreme conditions during the deglacial favoured opportunistic microfaunas during mud deposition. This event may be related to a major meltwater event within the Irish Sea Basin.  相似文献   

OUTBURST FLOODS FROM GLACIER-DAMMED LAKES: THE EFFECT OF MODE OF LAKE DRAINAGE ON FLOOD MAGNITUDE     

JOSEPH S. WALDER  JOHN E. COSTA 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1996,21(8):701-723

Published accounts of outburst floods from glacier-dammed lakes show that a significant number of such floods are associated not with drainage through a tunnel incised into the basal ice—the process generally assumed—but rather with ice-marginal drainage, mechanical failure of part of the ice dam, or both. Non-tunnel floods are strongly correlated with formation of an ice dam by a glacier advancing from a tributary drainage into either a main river valley or a pre-existing body of water (lake or fiord). For a given lake volume, non-tunnel floods tend to have significantly higher peak discharges than tunnel-drainage floods. Statistical analysis of data for floods associated with subglacial tunnels yields the following empirical relation between lake volume V and peak discharge Q_p : Q_p = 46V^0.66 (r² = 0.70), when Q_p is expressed in metres per second and V in millions of cubic metres. This updates the so-called Clague–Mathews relation. For non-tunnel floods, the analogous relation is Q_p = 1100V^0.44 (r² = 0.58). The latter relation is close to one found by Costa (1988) for failure of constructed earthen dams. This closeness is probably not coincidental but rather reflects similarities in modes of dam failure and lake drainage. We develop a simple physical model of the breach-widening process for non-tunnel floods, assuming that (1) the rate of breach widening is controlled by melting of the ice, (2) outflow from the lake is regulated by the hydraulic condition of critical flow where water enters the breach, and (3) the effect of lake temperature may be dealt with as done by Clarke (1982). Calculations based on the model simulate quite well outbursts from Lake George, Alaska. Dimensional analysis leads to two approximations of the form Q_p ∝ V^qf(h_i, θ₀), where q = 0.5 to 0.6, h_i is initial lake depth, θ₀ is lake temperature, and the form of f (h_i, θ₀) depends on the relative importance of viscous dissipation and the lake's thermal energy in determining the rate of breach opening. These expressions, along with the regression relations, should prove useful for assessing the probable magnitude of breach-type outburst floods.  相似文献   

Plio-Pleistocene sedimentation in coastal grabens,north-east Rhodes,Greece     

NILS-MARTIN HANKEN  RICHARD G. BROMLEY  JOHN MILLER 《Geological Journal》1996,31(3):271-296

The stratigraphy of marine Plio-Pleistocene sediments from northeast Rhodes (Dodecanese islands, Greece) is revised in the light of facies mapping and the recognition of three major transgression–regression cycles. Before late Pliocene submergence, metamorphosed Mesozoic limestones formed a high-relief karstic landscape. During subsequent transgressions, subsiding basins with spectacular cliffed and bioeroded margins were infilled by a mosaic of carbonate-dominated sediments, sourced by high rates of carbonate productivity on narrow shelves rimming the basins and their drowning islands. Periods of relative sea-level fall superimposed a complex series of ‘fossil’ coastal geomorphological features such as cliffs, abrasion platforms, surf caves, notches, boulder beaches and palaeokarsts. These created the rugged present day topography of the island's northeast coast. Three main lithostratigraphic units, the Kritika, Rhodes and Lindos Acropolis Formations, are defined. The Rhodes and Lindos Acropolis Formations are subdivided into mappable facies groups rather than members, as the lithofacies are strongly diachronous. The Kritika and Rhodes Formations were each subaerially exposed and partly eroded before re-transgression. Although there is a general pattern of lithological succession, details vary across the study area and some facies groups are restricted in development, indicating differences in tectonic behaviour and palaeo-geomorphology between neighbouring basins. A preliminary process-response model is presented for the sedimentation history of the Rhodes and Lindos Acropolis Formations, using sedimentological, palaeontological, palaeoecological and ichnological data.  相似文献   

前陆冲断带复杂构造解析与建模——以准噶尔盆地南缘第一排背斜带为例   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  

管树巍  张朝军  何登发  石昕  JOHN Suppe  汪新  吴晓智 《地质学报》2006,80(8):1131-1140

构造解析应从构造的变形机制、变形过程、变形量和变形时间四个方面入手,合理的构造解释方案是构造解析的基础,论文将等倾角区划分和轴面分析等几何学方法应用到地震解释中,从以上4个方面对准噶尔盆地南缘第一排背斜带做了系统的构造解析。地层结构揭示第一排背斜带深部发育楔状构造,楔状构造由5个古生界—中生界组成的断层转折褶皱叠加而成,是潜在的勘探目标群。在构造楔沿侏罗系西山窑组煤层向北扩展过程中,台阶状逆断层的大部分位移量沿构造楔顶部的反冲断层向南消减,另一部分位移量则沿西山窑组煤层向北传递至第二排背斜带,在总位移量保持稳定的前提下,第一排背斜带和第二排背斜带在走向上的此消彼长,反映位移量在南、北两个方向上的转换。  相似文献   

Till genesis at the bed of an Antarctic Peninsula palaeo‐ice stream as indicated by micromorphological analysis     

BENEDICT T. I. REINARDY  JOHN F. HIEMSTRA  TAVI MURRAY  CLAUS‐DIETER HILLENBRAND  ROBERT D. LARTER 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2011,40(3):498-517

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Developing a modern pollen–climate calibration data set for Norway     

ANNE E. BJUNE  H. JOHN B. BIRKS  SYLVIA M. PEGLAR  ARVID ODLAND 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2010,39(4):674-688

Bjune, A. E., Birks, H. J. B., Peglar, S. M. & Odland, A. 2010: Developing a modern pollen–climate calibration data set for Norway. Boreas, Vol. 39, pp. 674–688. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00158.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. Modern pollen–climate data sets consisting of modern pollen assemblages and modern climate data (mean July temperature and mean annual precipitation) have been developed for Norway based on 191 lakes and 321 lakes. The original 191‐lake data set was designed to optimize the distribution of the lakes sampled along the mean July temperature gradient, thereby fulfilling one of the most critical assumptions of weighted‐averaging regression and calibration and its relative, weighted‐averaging partial least‐squares regression. A further 130 surface samples of comparable taphonomy, taxonomic detail and analyst became available as a result of other projects. These 130 samples, all from new lakes, were added to the 191‐lake data set to create the 321‐lake data set. The collection and construction of these data sets are outlined. Numerical analyses involving generalized linear modelling, constrained ordination techniques, weighted‐averaging partial least‐squares regression, and two different cross‐validation procedures are used to asses the effects of increasing the size of the calibration data set from 191 to 321 lakes. The two data sets are used to reconstruct mean July temperature and mean annual precipitation for a Holocene site in northwest Norway and a Lateglacial site in west‐central Norway. Overall, little is to be gained by increasing the modern data set beyond about 200 lakes in terms of modern model performance statistics, but the down‐core reconstructions show less between‐sample variability and are thus potentially more plausible and realistic when based on the 321‐lake data set.  相似文献