Electrochemical disinfection for ballast water management: technology development and risk assessment     

Nanayakkara KG  Zheng YM  Alam AK  Zou S  Chen JP 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,63(5-12):119-123

Ballast water is essential in maintaining the balance and structural integrity of ships during voyage. However, it has created biological invasion threats to the ocean environment. An innovative electrochemical technology was developed in this study. The microorganisms regulated by the International Maritime Organization (D2) were used as the target organisms. It was found that the required energy to meet the D2 was below 0.006 kWh/m3. The size of disinfector (m3) was about 0.5% of treatment flow rate (m3/h). The complete disappearance of chlorine in seawater was achieved after three days. The ballast tank corrosion was not worsened due to the application of technology. The ecotoxicity studies showed no toxic effect on fish, invertebrate, and algae. Finally, the environmental risk assessment showed the treated water did not pose threats to the environment. It can therefore be concluded that the technology provides a cost-effective and environmental friendly solution to ballast water management.  相似文献   

Endocrine effects of methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers in three in vitro models     

Hu W  Liu H  Sun H  Shen O  Wang X  Lam MH  Giesy JP  Zhang X  Yu H 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(11):2356-2361

Methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs) in aquatic environments have been found to be primarily of natural origin in the marine environment and not from biotransformation of synthetic PBDEs. Two of the eight MeO-PBDEs (2′-MeO-BDE-68 and 6-MeO-BDE-47) that were detected in anchovy from the Yangtze River Delta, were natural products from marine organisms. So 2′-MeO-BDE-68 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 were chosen to study the potential to modulate androgen, estrogen, or thyroid hormone receptor- (AR, ER, ThR) mediated responses by use of reporter gene assays. 2′-MeO-BDE-68 was antiandrogenic at 50 μM, estrogenic at 10 μM and antiestrogenic at 10 and 50 μM (IC₅₀ = 4.88 μM). 2′-MeO-BDE-68 enhanced luciferase expression by 5 nM T3 at 50 μM. 6-MeO-BDE-47 exhibited potent antiandrogenicity at 1 μM and greater (IC₅₀ = 41.8 μM) and possessed estrogenic activity at 10 μM and antiestrogenic activity at 10 and 50 μM (IC₅₀ = 6.02 μM).  相似文献   

River-induced flow dynamics in long-screen wells and impact on aqueous samples     

Vermeul VR  McKinley JP  Newcomer DR  Mackley RD  Zachara JM 《Ground water》2011,49(4):515-524

Previously published field investigations and modeling studies have demonstrated the potential for sample bias associated with vertical wellbore flow in conventional monitoring wells constructed with long-screened intervals. This article builds on the existing body of literature by (1) demonstrating the utility of continuous (i.e., hourly measurements for ～1 month) ambient wellbore flow monitoring and (2) presenting results from a field experiment where relatively large wellbore flows (up to 4 L/min) were induced by aquifer hydrodynamics associated with a fluctuating river boundary located approximately 250 m from the test well. The observed vertical wellbore flows were strongly correlated with fluctuations in river stage, alternating between upward and downward flow throughout the monitoring period in response to changes in river stage. Continuous monitoring of ambient wellbore flows using an electromagnetic borehole flowmeter allowed these effects to be evaluated in concert with continuously monitored river-stage elevations (hourly) and aqueous uranium concentrations (daily) in a long-screen well and an adjacent multilevel well cluster. This study demonstrates that when contaminant concentrations within the aquifer vary significantly over the depth interval interrogated, river-induced vertical wellbore flow can result in variations in measured concentration that nearly encompass the full range of variation in aquifer contaminant concentration with depth.  相似文献   

贵阳市政 BJ-1 隧道施工地质超前预报及监控量测技术   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李苍松  吴德胜  路家伟  蔡建华 《工程地质学报》2013,21(3):391-399

BJ-1隧道为一浅埋、偏压的市政隧道,泥、页岩风化严重,岩体破碎,岩溶及地下水发育,地下管线和地表建筑物密集,施工安全风险极大。为确保隧道施工安全、保障地表建筑物及居民安全,隧道的施工地质超前预报和监控量测工作非常重要。在分析隧道可能存在的主要工程地质问题的基础上,结合地质预报重点及难点,以地质法为基础、以地质雷达和HSP声波反射法为主要物探手段,对隧道进行了综合地质预报。根据施工安全控制需要,制定BJ-1隧道施工监测实施大纲,重点实施隧道净空收敛、拱顶下沉、地表沉降和爆破振动等监测工作,建立隧道工程监测预警制度。对超前地质预报及隧道监测成果进行综合分析,为本隧道工程的安全施工决策提供了可靠依据,有效地避免了隧道施工过程中危险事件的发生。本研究方法对同类城市隧道工程设计、施工具有重要参考价值。  相似文献   

A low-energy intensive electrochemical system for the eradication of Escherichia coli from ballast water: process development, disinfection chemistry, and kinetics modeling     

Nanayakkara KG  Alam AK  Zheng YM  Chen JP 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,64(6):1238-1245

The invasion of biological organisms via ballast water has created threats to the environment and human health. In this study, a cost-effective electrochemical disinfection reactor was developed to inactivate Escherichia coli, one of the IMO-regulated indicator microbes, in simulated ballast water. The complete inactivation of E. coli could be achieved within a very short time (150, 120, or 60 s) with an energy consumption as low as 0.0090, 0.0074 or 0.0035 kWh/m(3) for ballast water containing E. coli at concentrations of 10(8), 10(7) and 10(6) CFU/100 mL, respectively. Electrochemical chlorination was the major disinfection mechanism in chloride-abundant electrolytes, whereas oxidants such as ozone and free radicals contributed to 20% of the disinfection efficiency in chloride-free electrolytes. Moreover, a disinfection kinetics model was successfully developed to describe the inactivation of E. coli.  相似文献   

Fate and tidal transport of butyltin and mercury compounds in the waters of the tropical Bach Dang Estuary (Haiphong, Vietnam)     

Navarro P  Amouroux D  Thanh ND  Rochelle-Newall E  Ouillon S  Arfi R  Van TC  Mari X  Torréton JP 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,64(9):1789-1798

In this work, two field campaigns were performed in July 2008 (wet season) and March 2009 (dry season) to produce original data on the concentration, partition and distribution of mercury and butyltin compounds along the tropical Bach Dang Estuary located in North Vietnam (Haiphong, Red River Delta). The results demonstrate that mercury and butyltin speciation in the surface waters of this type of tropical estuary is greatly affected by the drastic changes in the seasonal conditions. During high river discharge in the wet season, there was a large estuarine input of total Hg and tributyltin, while the longer residence time of the waters during the dry season promotes increasing MMHg formation and TBT degradation. Although most of the Hg and TBT is transported into the estuary from upstream sources, tidal cycle measurements demonstrate that this estuary is a significant source of TBT and MMHg during the wet (～3kgTBT/day) and dry (～3gMMHg/day) seasons.  相似文献   

Effect of elevation resolution on evapotranspiration simulations using MODFLOW     

Kambhammettu BV  Schmid W  King JP  Creel BJ 《Ground water》2012,50(3):367-375

Surface elevations represented in MODFLOW head-dependent packages are usually derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) that are available at much high resolution. Conventional grid refinement techniques to simulate the model at DEM resolution increases computational time, input file size, and in many cases are not feasible for regional applications. This research aims at utilizing the increasingly available high resolution DEMs for effective simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) in MODFLOW as an alternative to grid refinement techniques. The source code of the evapotranspiration package is modified by considering for a fixed MODFLOW grid resolution and for different DEM resolutions, the effect of variability in elevation data on ET estimates. Piezometric head at each DEM cell location is corrected by considering the gradient along row and column directions. Applicability of the research is tested for the lower Rio Grande (LRG) Basin in southern New Mexico. The DEM at 10 m resolution is aggregated to resampled DEM grid resolutions which are integer multiples of MODFLOW grid resolution. Cumulative outflows and ET rates are compared at different coarse resolution grids. Results of the analysis conclude that variability in depth-to-groundwater within the MODFLOW cell is a major contributing parameter to ET outflows in shallow groundwater regions. DEM aggregation methods for the LRG Basin have resulted in decreased volumetric outflow due to the formation of a smoothing error, which lowered the position of water table to a level below the extinction depth.  相似文献   

Monitoring well interception with fractures in clayey till   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jørgensen PR  Klint KE  Kistrup JP 《Ground water》2003,41(6):772-779

When using monitoring wells for investigation of contaminant sources in clayey till, there is a high risk that fractures may cause mobile contaminants to bypass the monitoring wells. This paper indicates that the probability of interception between monitoring wells and hydraulic conductive fractures is often significantly less than 50%. Based on a field experiment and application of a calibrated discrete fracture matrix diffusion numerical model (FRAC3Dvs), the paper also evaluates pesticide-monitoring results for different positions of monitoring well screen relative to fractures. For well screens situated 0.25 and 2 m from a conductive fracture, the first concentrations of the pesticide metabolite (2,6 dichlorobenzamide, "BAM") would be measured two years and 18 years, respectively, after the contaminant had been transported into an underlying aquifer. In this way, underlying aquifers may be subjected to contamination by downward moving contamination without being observed in monitoring wells in the till.  相似文献   

Toward coastal zone management that ensures coexistence between people and nature in the 21st century   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yanagi T  Ducrotoy JP 《Marine pollution bulletin》2003,47(1-6):1-4

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Cell bioassays for detection of aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) and estrogen receptor (ER) mediated activity in environmental samples   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Giesy JP  Hilscherova K  Jones PD  Kannan K  Machala M 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,45(1-12):3-16

In vitro cell bioassays are useful techniques for the determination of receptor-mediated activities in environmental samples containing complex mixtures of contaminants. The cell bioassays determine contamination by pollutants that act through specific modes of action. This article presents strategies for the evaluation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (hereafter referred as dioxin-like) or estrogen receptor mediated activities of potential endocrine disrupting compounds in complex environmental mixtures. Extracts from various types of environmental or food matrices can be tested by this technique to evaluate their 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents or estrogenic equivalents and to identify contaminated samples that need further investigation using resource-intensive instrumental analyses. Fractionation of sample extracts exhibiting significant activities, and subsequent reanalysis with the bioassays can identify important classes of contaminants that are responsible for the observed activity. Effect-directed chemical analysis is performed only for the active fractions to determine the responsible compounds. Potency-balance estimates of all major compounds contributing to the observed effects can be calculated to determine if all of the activity has been identified, and to assess the potential for interactions such as synergism or antagonism among contaminants present in the complex mixtures. The bioassay approach is an efficient (fast and cost effective) screening system to identify the samples of interest and to provide basic information for further analysis and risk evaluation.  相似文献