29Si and 27Al magic-angle-spinning NMR studies of the thermal transformation of kaolinite   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

João Rocha  Jacek Klinowski 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1990,17(2):179-186

Thermal transformations of kaolinite of different degree of crystallinity have been monitored by ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si high-resolution NMR with magic-angle spinning (MAS NMR), X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, atomic absorption spectrophotometry and thermogravimetric analysis. NMR shows differences in the dehydroxylation process of kaolinites with different degree of crystallinity and reveals the presence of short-range order in metakaolinite. ²⁹Si NMR spectra acquired with a 30 s recycle delay of poorly and highly crystalline samples heated at 480 and 500° C, respectively, contain three distinct signals; we discuss their assignment in the light of experiments involving leaching of the samples with aqueous KOH. Ca. 40% of Si sites retain their original Q ³ symmetry just above the onset of dehydroxylation and the Q ⁴ environment is present showing that a small amount of amorphous silica has already segregated. The spectrum of samples treated at 1000° C contains a signal at -110ppm (from Q ⁴ silicons) and a faint resonance, from mullite, at ca. -87 ppm. ²⁹Si NMR also shows that cristobalite germs are already present at 950–1000° C. The ²⁷Al MAS NMR spectra of metakaolinite reveal the presence of 4-, 5-and 6-coordinated Al. Changes in the three Al populations as a function of temperature have been monitored quantitatively. Below 800° C, 4-and 5-coordinated Al appears at the expense of 6-coordinated Al, but above 800° C the amount of 6-coordinated Al increases again. We suggest a dehydroxylation scheme which accounts for the presence of 4-and 5 coordinated Al. Above 900–950° C the latter signal is no longer present in the ²⁷Al NMR spectra and new 4-and 6-coordinated Al species (mullite and γ-alumina) appear. We propose new ideas for the structure of metakaolinite.  相似文献   

Book review     

Richard Barakat  Petr Vanicek  Randall L. Mackie  Jacek A. Majorowicz  Ley Truskinovsky  Andrea Borgia  Steven Carey  Ursula B. Marvin 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1990,134(3):485-507

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Phase equilibria and compositions of Fe-Mg-Al minerals and melts in water-saturated peraluminous granitic systems     

Jacek Puziewicz  Wilhelm Johannes 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1988,100(2):156-168

Phase assemblages and phase compositions were studied experimentally in water-saturated, biotite-bearing peraluminous granitic melts as a function of alumina excess and temperature. The runs were performed at 2 and 5 kbars under NNO buffer. Biotite was stable only in composition containing 5% of normative corundum; it coexisted with cordierite and hercynite at 2 kbars and with hercynite at 5 kbars. In composition containing 10% of normative corundum biotite was not observed; abundant cordierite and hercynite were the only Fe-Mg-Al minerals. These relationships show that, at constant pressure, the amount of cordierite increases with increasing excess of alumina. Simultaneously the stability of biotite decreases due to preferential partitioning of Mg into cordierite and Fe into biotite. Besides the distribution of Fe, Mg and Al among the coexisting solid phases, solubility of these elements in the melts is given. Below 900° C melts are poor in iron and magnesium and correspond, in terms of these elements, to leucogranites. It is suggested that the leucogranitic magmas, such as parental magmas of European Hercynian and Himalayan leucogranites, must have been formed through highly efficient separation of partial melt from restite, in which ferromagnesian components are concentrated. Peraluminous granites rich in ferromagnesian minerals originate supposedly from restite-bearing magmas.  相似文献   

On the behaviour of liquefied soil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Andrzej Sawicki  Jacek Mierczyński 《Computers and Geotechnics》2009

Engineering mechanics of liquefied soil is presented. Firstly, experimental methods and their results are described in order to show that liquefied soil can be approximated as a viscous fluid. The experiments proposed allow for determination of dynamic viscosity of liquefied soil, which is of the order of 10⁶ Ns/m². This value agrees with some theoretical estimates. Then, the model of viscous fluid is applied to practically important problems, in order to predict sinking of structures in liquefied subsoil, and to describe underwater flows of seabed. Enclosed examples show that the model and methods proposed lead to realistic results and, therefore, can be applied in engineering calculations.  相似文献   

Crystallization of quartz dioritic magmas at 2 and 1 kbar: experimental results     

Anna Pietranik  Francois Holtz  Jürgen Koepke  Jacek Puziewicz 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,97(1-2):1-21

Crystallization experiments were performed on quartz diorite (~55 wt.% SiO₂, 3.1–8.4 wt.% MgO) from the G?siniec Intrusion (Bohemian Massif, SW Poland) at 1?2 kbar, 750–850°C, various mole fractions of water and with fO₂ buffered by the NNO buffer. The two natural quartz diorites (leucocratic poikilitic quartz diorite - ‘LPD’ and melanocratic quartz diorite - ‘MD’) differ in whole rock and mineral composition with MD being richer in MgO and poorer in CaO than LPD, probably due to accumulation of mafic minerals or melt removal in MD. LPD represents melt composition and is used to reconstruct crystallization conditions in the G?siniec Intrusion. The crystallization history of LPD magma, deduced from experimental and natural mineral compositions, includes a higher pressure stage probably followed by emplacement at ~2 kbar of partly crystallized magma at temperatures ~850?800°C and quick cooling. The mineral assemblage present in LPD requires water contents in the magma of at least 5 wt% and oxygen fugacity below that controlled by the NNO buffer. The compositions of mafic minerals in the MD composition were equilibrated at temperatures below 775°C and at subsolidus conditions. The equilibration was probably due to the reaction between water-rich, oxidizing residual melt and the cumulatic-restitic mineral assemblage. MD is characterized by occurrence of the euhedral cummingtonite and increasing anorthite content in the rims of plagioclase. A similar reaction was reproduced experimentally in both LPD and MD compositions indicating that cummingtonite may be a late magmatic phase in quartz dioritic systems, crystallizing very close to solidus and only from water saturated magma.  相似文献   

Estimation of Shallow Geothermal Energy Resource in Canada: Heat Gain and Heat Sink     

Jacek Majorowicz  Stephen E. Grasby  Walter R. Skinner 《Natural Resources Research》2009,18(2):95-108

Maps of shallow depth (down to −250 m) temperature distribution across Canada show large variability, related mainly to surface climatic forcing. Very small changes of temperature with depth in the upper 250 m are related to heat gained by the subsurface due to recent global warming. Temperature data compiled from precise temperature logs in equilibrium wells, and temperature time series from a network of meteorological stations, allow calculation of the available heat energy for heating in the cold period and for cooling in peak warm months. Utilization of this energy resource has the potential for significant CO₂ reduction in Canada. The geothermal energy stored in the ground can be used, with the help of heat pumps, for heating, given very low winter temperatures. The amount of potential heat available is vast. In Canada, south of permafrost border, the integrated value of potentially available heat during the heating season down to −50 m is 1.1 E21 J (1100 quads).  相似文献   

Origin of diffuse interstellar bands: spectroscopic studies of their possible carriers     

Jan Fulara  Jacek Kre owski 《New Astronomy Reviews》2000,44(10)

The results of astrophysical observations that provide evidence for the molecular origin of the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are reviewed. It is established that molecular systems with a linear, planar or spherical carbon skeleton are good candidates as DIB carriers, and laboratory spectroscopic data concerning such systems are discussed. The characteristic features of the electronic spectra of fullerenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and of linear carbon chains and their ions are found to be consistent with the principal spectroscopic features of DIBs. Analysis of the astrophysical electronic spectra of several simple molecules that have so far been assigned indicates that polar molecules should be easier to detect in this way than those without a permanent electric dipole moment.  相似文献   

S-velocity structure beneath the Bohemian Massif from Monte Carlo inversion of seismic receiver function     

Jacek Trojanowski  Monika Wilde-Piórko 《Acta Geophysica》2012,60(1):76-91

The paper contains an analysis of S-velocity distribution in the crust and upper mantle beneath the Bohemian Massif, which is the second biggest Variscan outcrop in Europe. It occupies mainly the west part of Czech Republic and also part of south-west Poland and south-east Germany. We use data from 10 permanent stations set in the region. Some previous papers relate to the same scope but use linear methods to inverse receiver function. Our new approach involves Monte Carlo techniques for inversion procedure, which is more convenient and robust for such a non-linear task. The result of Monte Carlo inversion is compared with the previously achieved one. The obtained Moho depths vary from 29 km in the north-west part of the Bohemian Massif to 38 km in the south and south-east and are consistent with other papers. Some discrepancies occur in the middle and upper crust.  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal distribution of copepod populations in the Gulf of Gdansk (southern Baltic Sea)     

Lidia Dzierzbicka-Glowacka  Jacek Piskozub  Jaromir Jakacki  Stella Mudrak  Maria Iwona ?mijewska 《Journal of Oceanography》2012,68(6):887-904

In the present study, we used a 3D Coupled Ecosystem Model of Baltic Sea version 1 (3D CEMBSv1) coupled with a copepod model to examine the spatiotemporal distribution of two representative copepod populations in the Gulf of Gdansk (southern Baltic Sea) including Acartia spp. and Pseudocalanus minutus elongatus. The annual cycles simulated for 2000 under realistic weather and hydrographic conditions were studied with the three-dimensional version of the coupled ecosystem-copepod model in the south-eastern Baltic Sea. The paper presents the comparison of simulated and observed copepod development at two stations in the Gulf of Gdansk. A validation of influential state variables gives confidence that the model is able to calculate reliably the stage development of dominant species in the southern Baltic Sea. The number of generations was one for P. m. elongatus and 3?C5 for Acartia spp.. A mean of five generations for the latter species per year were estimated in the coastal region and ca. three generations at the Gdansk Deep (in the open sea). Food concentration and temperature as the main factors controlling the development of the investigated copepods as well as salinity as a masking factor (i.e. salinity modifies the rate of their development) in the case of Pseudocalanus minutus elongatus are included in the present study.  相似文献   

Surface sediments pollution due to shipwreck s/s “Stuttgart”: a multidisciplinary approach     

Justyna Rogowska  Błażej Kudłak  Stefan Tsakovski  Agnieszka Gałuszka  Gabriela Bajger-Nowak  Vasil Simeonov  Piotr Konieczka  Lidia Wolska  Jacek Namieśnik 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2015,29(7):1797-1807

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