Telecommunications and the Large City-Small City Divide: Evidence from Indiana Cities*     

Patrick Alles  Adrian Esparza  Susan Lucas 《The Professional geographer》1994,46(3):307-316

Urban systems are increasingly dominated by large cities that house a disproportionate share of telecommunications infrastructure. This paper investigates whether telecommunications is defining a technological divide between large and smaller cities. The paper provides a conceptual basis for large-city dominance and presents the results of surveys that investigate the use of telecommunications in medium and small Indiana cities. The survey data indicate that telecommunications is used by the set of Indiana cities, but is less prevalent among the set of smallest cities. Chi-square tests, however, suggest that city size does not adequately explain these variations in use.  相似文献   

Convection in a North Sea oil reservoir: inferences on diagenesis and hydrocarbon migration     

Michel Rabinowicz  Jean-Louis Dandurand  Marc Jakubowski  Jacques Schott  Jean-Pierre Cassan 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1985,74(4):387-404

  相似文献   

Petrology of the mafic rocks of the Xigaze ophiolite,Tibet   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jacques Girardeau  Jean Claude C Mercier  Wang Xibin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1985,90(4):309-321

The Xigaze ophiolite (Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone, Southern Tibet, China) shows an unusual crustal sequence characterized by a lack of large masses of cumulate gabbros, by dolerites intrusive throughout the whole ophiolite sequence, and by the injection of dolerites in already serpentinized peridotites. The abyssal tholeiitic nature of all the mafic rocks indicates that they have been generated at an oceanic ridge. All the geological arguments and petrological and textural data on the mafic rocks point to very low heat production and large heat losses through widespread intensive sea-water circulation, for the spreading centre in which they have been formed, in good agreement with a slow-spreading ridge origin.  相似文献   

A new type of active margin: the convergent-extensional margin,as exemplified by the Middle America Trench off Guatemala     

Jean Aubouin  Jacques Bourgois  Jacques Azéma 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1984,67(2):211-218

The results of DSDP Legs 67 and 84, during which a transect of holes was drilled across the Middle America Trench off Guatemala, show no accretion at the front of that subduction zone since early Eocene time. The tectonic evolution of the trench includes extensional structure on the landward as well as the seaward trench slopes. The Guatemalan margin is proposed as the model of a new type of active margin, the convergent-extensional active margin (CE margin).  相似文献   

Aspects of the cycle of inorganic nitrogen compounds in the tropical rain forest of the Ivory Coast     

Jean Servant  Robert Delmas  Jacques Rancher  Marcel Rodriguez 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1984,1(4):391-401

A partial balance of mineral N is given for the basins of two coastal rivers in a forest zone in the Ivory Coast. The dry and wet depositions on the basin surfaces is given for particulate matter (NO₃ ^–, NH₄ ⁺). The quantity of mineral N washed away in the rivers is evaluated. The losses from leaching of the soils by rainwater are about 0.33 to 1.0% of the atmospheric depositions for NH₄ ⁺–N and 2.2 to 5.8% for NO₃ ^––N. The yearly atmospheric input of N compounds to the ecosystem, about 1.4 g N m^–2 y^–1, is at least 14% of mineral N formed in the soils and is therefore quite significant.  相似文献   

Episyénitisation dans le Gisement d'Uranium du Bernardan (Marche): Comparaison avec des Gisements Similaires du Nord-Ouest du Massif Central Français     

Jacques Leroy 《Mineralium Deposita》1984,19(1):26-35

Résumé Le gisement d'uranium du Bernardan exploité dans le granite à deux micas de la Marche Occidentale appartient au groupe des gisements «d'imprégnation». La minéralisation uranifère (pechblende, coffinite, «produits noirs», autunite, ...) est disseminée dans une roche vacuolaire appelée «épisyénite». Cette dernière résulte d'une altération hydrothermale du granite par des solutions chaudes (370–260°C; 2–5,7% poids équiv. NaCl). Le quartz est dissout; les feldspaths (principalement les plagioclases) et les biotites sont partiellement transformés en phengites. Les muscovites et orthoses granitiques se réequilibrent avec perte de sodium. Cette altération est guidée par un réseau de fractures à différentes échelles. Une altération comparable a été observée dans d'autres gisements du Nord Ouest du Massif Central français, comme Margnac et Fanay dans le massif de St Sylvestre et Hyverneresse dans celui du Millevaches. Les transformations minéralogiques, à l'exception de la quantité de phengites secondaires, les changements chimiques (lessivage de silice et métasomatisme potassique), les conditions P-T et le contrôle tectonique sont les mêmes dans tous ces gisements.

---

The Bernardan uranium deposit, mined in the Marche Occidentale two-mica granite, is a disseminated type deposit. Similar deposits are known in hercynian belt. Uraniferous mineralizations (pitchblende, coffinite, black minerals, autunite, ...) are disseminated in a vuggy rock called episyenite. It results from an hydrothermal alteration of the granite by hot aqueous solutions (370 to 260°C, 2–5.7 wt% equiv. NaCl). Quartz is dissolved; feldspars (mainly plagioclases) and biotites are partially transformed into phengites. Granitic muscovites and orthoclases are reequilibrated with loss of sodium. This alteration is controlled by fractures at several scales. Such an alteration can be observed in other deposits of the North West part of the French Massif Central, as Margnac and Fanay in the St Sylvestre massif and Hyverneresse in the Millevaches massif. Mineralogical transformations except the content in secondary phengites, chemical changes (SiO₂ decrease and potassic metasomatism), P-T conditions and tectonic control are the same in all these deposits.

  相似文献   

Equilibrium state of diopside-bearing harzburgites from ophiolites: Geobarometric and geodynamic implications   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Jean -Claude C. Mercier  Vincent Benoit  Jacques Girardeau 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1984,85(4):391-403

The bulk compositions of coexisting enstatite and diopside in basal lherzolites and clinopyroxene-bearing harzburgites from ophiolitic complexes are typical of solidus/subsolidus equilibria, but for a few texturally distinct magmatic diopsides. They would presumably reflect the state of equilibrium at the time they last coexisted with liquid as the rocks reentered subsolidus conditions. The total lack of correlation between Al and Ca concentrations shows that the compositional scatter observed for any given massif, results from analytical errors related to extensive exsolution and serpentinization, rather than from differences in equilibrium conditions. However, significant differences are found between the residual ophiolitic lherzolites from Hare Bay, Newfoundland, and from Xigaze, Tibet, two massifs selected for their distinct structural and textural features. As for thermobarometry techniques relevant to these rocks, the best barometer found is an empirical relation for the expression of pressure as a virtually temperature-independent function of the ratioK _f=(X _Di ^opx )/(1 –X _Di ^cpx ), in agreement with semi-quantitative models based on natural solid solutions. Temperatures are then simply derived from a surface-fitting expression relating pressure, temperature and diopside-solvus compositions, according to a regularX _En ^cpx solution model (CMS) corrected for the effect of Al in the spinel facies. Application of these techniques yield pressures of 0.4 and 1.4 GPa, i.e. depths from sea-bottom of about 13 and 43 km, for temperatures of 1,170 and 1,300° C for the ophiolitic lherzolites of Tibet and New-foundland, respectively, in good agreement with dry-solidus data by radioactive tracing and with geothermal-model estimates for ridges.  相似文献   

Calculations of activity-composition relations in multi-site solid solutions: the example of AB2O4 spinels     

Jean Lehmann  Jacques Roux 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1984,87(4):328-336

A model to calculate activities in multisite solutions like spinels, from a general expression of the Gibbs free energy is developped. The free energy is written as that of a solution with ideal mixing of cations on each sublattice corrected by any suitable higher order terms. It is shown that activities of i^th end-member can be simply written: $${\text{act (}}i{\text{) = (}}\gamma _i {\text{/}}\gamma _i^{\text{0}} {\text{)}}\mathop \prod \limits_j (N_j /N_j^0 )^{P(j,{\text{ }}i)} .$$ N _j are site occupancy fractions; the γ _i are equal to one for the ideal multisite model and depend only on the higher order corrections to this model; ⁰ indicate values for the i ^th end member. The exponents in the matrix P are integers and constants. The activities cannot be expressed explicitly as function of the macroscopic composition. The site occupancy fractions which minimize the Gibbs free energy must be calculated first solving a set of non linear equations which define the internal equilibrium conditions. The (Fe²⁺, Mg) (Al, Cr, Fe³⁺) spinel are used to illustrate these calculations. For multicomponent AB₂O₄ spinels activity expressions derived for the reference ideal multisite mixing model are: $${\text{act (AB}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}_{\text{4}} {\text{) = }}\frac{{({\text{A}})[{\text{B}}]^2 }}{{({\text{A}})_0 [{\text{B}}]_0^2 }}$$ (A): fraction of tetrahedral sites occupied by A²⁺; [B]: fraction of octahedral sites occupied by B³⁺. Because the site occupancy fractions at equilibrium are not independent (but related by the internal equilibrium relations) many equivalent expressions of the activities can be obtained. Finally approximations proposed in the literature to obtain simple explicit activity-concentration relationships are discussed.  相似文献   

On forecasting abnormal climatic events in the tropical Atlantic Ocean     

Jacques Servain  Sabine Arnault 《Annales Geophysicae》1995,13(9):995-1008

Modelling and observational evidence indicate that interannual variabilities of dynamic height and sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Guinea) are largely induced by preceding fluctuations in wind stress, mainly in the western equatorial basin. A wind-driven linear ocean model is used here to test the possibility of forecasting the abnormal dynamic heights. A control run of the model, forced by 1964–1993 wind stress monthly means, is first conducted. Yearly test runs (1964-1994) are subsequently performed from January to August by forcing the model with observed winds from January to May, and then by forcing with the May wind assumed to persist from June to August. During the last three decades the largest deviations of dynamic height simulated by the control run in the Gulf of Guinea in boreal summer would have been correctly forecast from wind data related only to conditions in May of each year. However, for weak climatic anomalies, the model may forecast overestimated values. For the most part (about 20 times during the last 30 years), the sign of the observed SST anomaly in the centre of the Gulf of Guinea during the boreal summer is identical to the sign of simulated anomalies of dynamic height deduced from both control and test runs. Along the eastern equatorial waveguide, the sea level forecasting skill slowly decreases from the first 2 weeks of June until the second 2 weeks of August, but remains high on both sides of the equator throughout boreal summer, as is expected from the adjustment in a linear ocean model. It is established that throughout the year in the Gulf of Guinea the accuracy of the 1-month forecast dynamic height anomaly provided by the simple linear method is greater than that of the 1-month forecast assuming persistence.  相似文献   

“Na and Cr contents in clinopyroxenes from peridotites: a possible discriminant between ‘sub-continental’ and ‘sub-oceanic’ mantle”—a reply to G. Sen     

Jacques Kornprobst  D. Ohnenstetter  M. Ohnenstetter 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1982,60(3):455-459

  相似文献