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101.
S. W. Gibb R. G. Barlow D. G. Cummings N. W. Rees C. C. Trees P. Holligan D. Suggett 《Progress in Oceanography》2000,45(3-4)
We present an overview of the spatial distributions of phytoplankton pigments along transects between the UK and the Falkland Islands. These studies, undertaken as a component of the UK Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme, provided the first post-launch validation data for the NASA SeaWiFS satellite. Pigment data are used to characterise basin-scale variations in phytoplankton biomass and community composition over 100° of latitude, and to compliment the definition of hydrographic oceanic provinces. A summary of the key pigment characteristics of each province is presented.Concentrations of total chlorophyll a (totCHLa = chlorophyll a, CHLa + divinyl CHLa, dvCHLa) were greatest in high latitude temperate waters (>37°N and >35°S), and in the Canary Current Upwelling system. In these regions, the total carotenoid (totCAR) budget was dominated by photosynthetic carotenoids (PSCs). High accessory pigment diversity was observed of which fucoxanthin (FUC), 19'–hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (HEX), and diadinoxanthin (DIAD) were most abundant, indicating proliferation of large eukaryotes and nanoflagellates. In contrast, tropical and sub-tropical waters exhibited concentrations of totCHLa below 500 ng l−1, with the North Atlantic Sub-tropical East gyre (NASE, 26.7–35°N), South Equatorial Current (SeqC, 7–14.6°S) and South Atlantic tropical Gyre (SATG, 14.6–26°S) characterised by totCHLa of <100 ng−1. These waters exhibited relatively limited pigment diversity, and the totCAR budget was dominated by photoprotecting pigments (PPCs) of which zeaxanthin (ZEA), a marker of prokaryotes (cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes), was most abundant. DvCHLa, a marker of prochlorophytes was detected in waters at temperatures >15°C, and between the extremes of 48°N and 42°S. DvCHLa accounted for up to two-thirds of totCHLa in oligotrophic provinces demonstrating the importance of prochlorophytes to oceanic biomass.Overall, HEX was the dominant PSC, contributing up to 75% of totCAR. HEX always represented >2% of totCAR and was the only truly ubiquitous carotenoid. Since HEX is a chemotaxonomic marker of prymnesiophytes, this observation reflects the truly cosmopolitan distribution of this algal class. ZEA was found to be the most abundant PPC contributing more than one third of the total carotenoid budget in each transect.Greatest seasonality was observed in highly productive waters at high latitudes and in shallow continental shelf waters and attributed to proliferation of large eukaryotes during spring. Concentrations of the prokaryote pigments (ZEA + dvCHLa) also exhibited some seasonality, with elevated concentrations throughout most of the transect during Northern Hemisphere spring. 相似文献
102.
103.
石榴石Lu-Hf、原位独居石U-Pb定年对多期变形的时代制约——以北祁连托勒牧场为例 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
多期变质变形事件的精确年代限定是造山构造年代学研究的热点问题之一。本文尝试运用面理弯切轴测量技术,结合石榴石Lu-Hf和原位独居石U-Pb定年,厘定北祁连托勒牧场地区石榴石和斜长石斑晶记录的两期构造变形事件:石榴石斑晶生长记录的早期构造变形事件年代为512.3±2.7Ma;斜长石斑晶生长记录的晚期构造变形事件年代不早于481.0±2.3Ma,并推断该期构造变形水平挤压主应力方向为北东-南西。斜长石斑晶内未发现独居石,用于年代学测试的独居石颗粒均位于斜长石斑晶外基质中。显微构造分析认为,独居石生长不早于斜长石斑晶。481.0±2.3Ma的独居石U-Pb年龄,应为斜长石斑晶所记录构造变形的时代下限。结合前人锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素研究结果分析认为,获得的512.3±2.7Ma石榴石-全岩Lu-Hf等时线年龄,代表了祁连洋俯冲过程中石榴石的生长时间,后期变质变形作用未对石榴石的Lu-Hf同位素体系产生明显影响。结合显微构造分析,石榴石Lu-Hf定年可为早期构造变形提供有效年代学制约。 相似文献
104.
Bridging the Transition from Mesoscale to Microscale Turbulence in Numerical Weather Prediction Models 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Domingo Muñoz-Esparza Branko Kosović Jeff Mirocha Jeroen van Beeck 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,153(3):409-440
With a focus towards developing multiscale capabilities in numerical weather prediction models, the specific problem of the transition from the mesoscale to the microscale is investigated. For that purpose, idealized one-way nested mesoscale to large-eddy simulation (LES) experiments were carried out using the Weather Research and Forecasting model framework. It is demonstrated that switching from one-dimensional turbulent diffusion in the mesoscale model to three-dimensional LES mixing does not necessarily result in an instantaneous development of turbulence in the LES domain. On the contrary, very large fetches are needed for the natural transition to turbulence to occur. The computational burden imposed by these long fetches necessitates the development of methods to accelerate the generation of turbulence on a nested LES domain forced by a smooth mesoscale inflow. To that end, four new methods based upon finite amplitude perturbations of the potential temperature field along the LES inflow boundaries are developed, and investigated under convective conditions. Each method accelerated the development of turbulence within the LES domain, with two of the methods resulting in a rapid generation of production and inertial range energy content associated to microscales that is consistent with non-nested simulations using periodic boundary conditions. The cell perturbation approach, the simplest and most efficient of the best performing methods, was investigated further under neutral and stable conditions. Successful results were obtained in all the regimes, where satisfactory agreement of mean velocity, variances and turbulent fluxes, as well as velocity and temperature spectra, was achieved with reference non-nested simulations. In contrast, the non-perturbed LES solution exhibited important energy deficits associated to a delayed establishment of fully-developed turbulence. The cell perturbation method has negligible computational cost, significantly accelerates the generation of realistic turbulence, and requires minimal parameter tuning, with the necessary information relatable to mean inflow conditions provided by the mesoscale solution. 相似文献
105.
106.
Simon Grainger Carsten S. Frederiksen Xiaogu Zheng David Fereday Chris K. Folland Emilia K. Jin James L. Kinter Jeff R. Knight Siegfried Schubert Jozef Syktus 《Climate Dynamics》2011,36(3-4):473-490
The seasonal mean variability of the atmospheric circulation is affected by processes with time scales from less than seasonal to interannual or longer. Using monthly mean data from an ensemble of Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) realisations, the interannual variability of the seasonal mean is separated into intraseasonal, and slowly varying components. For the first time, using a recently developed method, the slowly varying component in multiple AGCM ensembles is further separated into internal and externally forced components. This is done for Southern Hemisphere 500?hPa geopotential height from five AGCMs in the CLIVAR International Climate of the Twentieth Century project for the summer and winter seasons. In both seasons, the intraseasonal and slow modes of variability are qualitatively well reproduced by the models when compared with reanalysis data, with a relative metric finding little overall difference between the models. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is by far the dominant mode of slowly varying internal atmospheric variability. Two slow-external modes of variability are related to El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability, and a third is the atmospheric response to trends in external forcing. An ENSO-SAM relationship is found in the model slow modes of variability, similar to that found by earlier studies using reanalysis data. There is a greater spread in the representation of model slow-external modes in winter than summer, particularly in the atmospheric response to external forcing trends. This may be attributable to weaker external forcing constraints on SH atmospheric circulation in winter. 相似文献
107.
Angela F. Dickens Jeff Baldock Timothy I. Eglinton 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(17):4796-4815
Northern, high latitude soils have stored vast amounts of organic carbon (OC) in permafrost and peats for many millennia, however, climate change may mobilize and release this particulate OC (POC) to arctic rivers. Deltaic and floodplain lakes that receive fluvial sediments, primarily during the spring freshet, may provide records of such changes in riverine POC. Here, we examine properties of OC in a sediment core from a lake in the lower floodplain of the Ob’ River, west Siberia, to determine how the properties of OC deposited in this lake varied over many decades and to evaluate use of this sedimentary OC as a recorder of riverine POC load and properties. The core predates the most recent, dramatic changes in arctic climate and hence may serve as a benchmark against which to contrast future variations in fluvial POC discharge. Elemental, stable carbon and radiocarbon isotopic analyses, along with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular-level information (lignin phenol composition), indicate two major sources of OC to most of the sediments in this lake: plant-derived OC and algal-derived OC. However, a mixing model indicates that the nature and 14C content of these two sources change with depth in the sediment, resulting in three distinct layers: surface horizons, a “high-OC” layer and “mixing” horizons found above and below the high-OC layer. The plant-derived component is significantly aged throughout the core (14C ages of 1300-3900 years) and appears to derive from primarily local, tundra sources, whereas the algal component is modern. Our analysis suggests that the usual mode of OC deposition, as exemplified by the “mixing” and surface horizons, involved mixing of varying amounts of new algal production (35-65%) with aged permafrost- or peat-derived OC. This deposition was interrupted by an event, such as the collapse of a riverbank, which laid down the compositionally distinct “high-OC” layer in which plant-derived OC mixes with aged mineral-soil-derived OC without clear input from algae. The relative amounts of the plant and algal components in the lake sediments appear to be controlled primarily by local hydrological conditions rather than by river-wide processes, suggesting that comparison of sediment records from multiple lakes within a floodplain will be important to assess changes in POC export by arctic rivers. However, the flux and nature of the higher plant-derived OC may carry important information on the sources and dynamics of OC stored within the drainage basin. 相似文献
108.
Simon J. Nicol Valerie Allain Graham M. Pilling Jeff Polovina Marta Coll Johann Bell Paul Dalzell Peter Sharples Robert Olson Shane Griffiths Jeffrey M. Dambacher Jock Young Antony Lewis John Hampton Jesus Jurado Molina Simon Hoyle Karine Briand Nic Bax Patrick Lehodey Peter Williams 《Climatic change》2013,119(1):131-145
Climate change presents an emerging challenge to the sustainable management of tuna fisheries, and robust information is essential to ensure future sustainability. Climate and harvest affect tuna stocks, populations of non-target, dependent species and the ecosystem. To provide relevant advice we need an improved understanding of oceanic ecosystems and better data to parameterise the models that forecast the impacts of climate change. Currently ocean-wide data collection in the Pacific Ocean is primarily restricted to oceanographic data. However, the fisheries observer programs that operate in the region offer an opportunity to collect the additional information on the mid and upper trophic levels of the ecosystem that is necessary to complement this physical data, including time-series of distribution, abundance, size, composition and biological information on target and non-target species and mid trophic level organisms. These observer programs are in their infancy, with limited temporal and spatial distribution but recent international and national policy decisions have been made to expand their coverage. We identify a number of actions to initiate this monitoring including: consolidating collaborations to ensure the use of best quality data; developing consistency between sub-regional observer programmes to ensure that they meet the objectives of ecosystem monitoring; interrogating of existing time series to determine the most appropriate spatial template for monitoring; and exploring existing ecosystem models to identify suitable indicators of ecosystem status and change. The information obtained should improve capacity to develop fisheries management policies that are resilient and can be adapted to climate change. 相似文献
109.
The relationship between streamwater mean residence time (MRT) and landscape characteristics is poorly understood. We used tritium (3H) to define our MRT. We tested the hypothesis that baseflow water MRT increases with increasing absolute catchment size at the Maimai catchments. These catchments are simple hydrologic systems relative to many catchments around the world, with uniformly wet climatic conditions, little seasonality, uniform and nearly impermeable bedrock, steep short hillslopes, shallow soils, and well‐characterized hillslope and catchment hydrology. As a result, this is a relatively simple system and an ideal location for new MRT‐related hypothesis testing. Whilst hydrologists have used 3H to estimate water age since the 1960s nuclear testing spike, atmospheric 3H levels have now approached near background levels and are often complicated by contamination from the nuclear industry. We present results for 3H sampled from our set of nested catchments in nuclear‐industry‐free New Zealand. Because of high precision analysis, near‐natural atmospheric 3H levels, and well‐characterized rainfall 3H inputs, we were able to estimate the age of young (i.e. less than 3 years old) waters. Our results showed no correlation between MRT and catchment size. However, MRT was correlated to the median sub‐catchment size of the sampled watersheds, as shown by landscape analysis of catchment area accumulation patterns. These preliminary findings suggest that landscape organization, rather than total area, is a first‐order control on MRT and points the way forward for more detailed analysis of how landscape organization affects catchment runoff characteristics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
110.
Thomas G. Moran Joseph M. Davila Jeff S. Morrill Dennis Wang Russel Howard 《Solar physics》2006,237(1):211-222
We present a polarimetric characterization and correction for the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Large Angle Spectrometric
Coronagraph (SOHO/LASCO) C2 and C3 white light coronagraphs. By measuring the uncorrected polarization angles in solar minimum
C2 coronal images, we have determined that the coronagraph acts as an optical phase retarder which converts a small fraction
of the incoming radiation polarization from linear to circular. In addition, from the measurements of polarization angle in
C3 coronal images we have determined that a component of the instrumentally scattered light in that instrument is polarized.
We infer the retardation angle for C2 and compute the corresponding Mueller matrix, and determine the polarized stray light
spatial profile in C3. The C2 Mueller matrix and C3 polarized stray light profiles are used to correct for instrumental effects
in solar minimum coronal observations to obtain polarized brightness between two and thirty-two solar radii, which show deep
polar coronal holes extending to the limit of the field of view. 相似文献