Aqueous Oxidation of Sulfur(IV) Catalyzed by Manganese(II): A Generalized Simple Kinetic Model     

Boštjan Podkrajšek  Gorazd Berčič  Janja Turšič  Irena Grgić 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,47(3):287-303

The reaction kinetics of S(IV) autoxidation catalyzed by Mn(II) in the pH range 3–5 typical for atmospheric liquid water, was investigated. For reactions with pH maintained constant during the reaction course, the predictions obtained by a simple integral approach cover kinetic results only for concentrations of HSO ₃ ⁻ up to 0.2 mM at pH 4.5. Thus, a generalized simple kinetic model, which can be used for predicting the reaction kinetics in wider concentration, pH and temperature ranges, was derived. This model is based on the assumption that the reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of a transient manganese-sulfito complex formed in the initial step of a radical chain mechanism. In the proposed power law rate equation the concentration of complex is calculated from the stability constant K and concentrations of reactants at a specific reaction time. This rate equation adequately predicts the reaction kinetics in the pH range 3–5, in the concentration ranges 0.1 ≤ [HSO ₃ ⁻ ] ≤ 0.4 mM and 2 ≤ [Mn(II)] ≤ 14.6 μM. For the temperature range 15–35 °C, the estimated value for activation energy is 92.0 ± 0.1 kJ mol⁻¹ and the Gibbs free energy of formation of the manganese-sulfito complex is −20.4 ± 0.3 kJ mol⁻¹. Furthermore, the kinetics for catalytic reactions with pH maintained constant during the reaction course as well as with initial pH adjusted only at the start of the reaction, is described satisfactorily by the present model.  相似文献   

Secular variations of major planets' orbital elements     

Zoran Knežević 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1986,38(2):123-138

The secular variations of the orbital elements of principal planets are calculated by means of classical Lagrange's method. The terms of the second order with respect to mass, introduced by Hill (1897) and Brouwer and van Woerkom (1950), have been taken into account as well. The best contemporary values of planetary masses and mean elements (Bretagnon, 1982) served as the starting data set for this calculation. Considerable differences with respect to previous solutions of the same type (Brouwer and van Woerkom, 1950: Sharaf and Boudnikova, 1967) were found in the coefficientsA ₅₅,A ₅₆, andA ₆₆ of the system of equations of variation of elements and in the roots (frequencies)r ₅ andr ₆. Results are compared with some higher order/higher degree solutions and their accuracy discussed. It is confirmed that the solutions like that of Brouwer and van Woerkom, although not being completely inferior to all higher order/higher degree ones, can be considered as the first approximation only. Hence, they should be replaced by more accurate ones (Duriez, 1979: Bretagnon, 1984: Laskar, 1984) in the future applications.  相似文献   

Cloud seeding impact on precipitation as revealed by cloud-resolving mesoscale model     

M. Ćurić  D. Janc  V. Vučković 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2007,95(3-4):179-193

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to maturity and paleoenvironmental settings in lacustrine sediments of the Neogene Toplica Basin,Serbia     

Burazer  Nikola  Šajnović  Aleksandra  Kašanin-Grubin  Milica  Radisavljević  Marija  Jovančićević  Branimir 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2021,66(3):187-205

Journal of Paleolimnology - The study investigated the influence of maturity, biomass type, and depositional settings on the distribution and relative abundance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons...  相似文献   

Comparison of methods for reducing the error of the pressure gradient force in sigma coordinate models     

D. T. Mihailović  Z. I. Janjić 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1986,35(3):177-184

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Pressure gradient force and calculation initial temperature in terrain-following coordinate models     

D. T. Mihailović 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1986,35(1-2):53-58

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A contribution to the statistical analysis of Zagreb earthquakes in the period 1869–1968     

Berislav Makjanić 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1972,95(1):80-88

Summary Statistical information on the number of earthquakes felt in Zagreb, Yugoslavia, during the 100 year period 1869–1968 is given and their distribution in time is shown. The largest earthquake in each year is analysed, first by the distribution-free method and then by means of the theory of extremes afterJenkinson. By the latter method we conclude that there is an upper limit to the possible intensity of earthquakes in Zagreb. The results are compared with the data for Californial although the seismicity of Zagreb area is rather high, that of California is considerably higher.  相似文献   

A continuum-mechanical approach to the mechanics of rock masses     

Rastko Stojanović 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1972,4(1):45-58

SummaryA continuum-Mechanical Approach to the Mechanics of Rock Masses A quasihomogeneous region of a discontinuous rock mass is approximated by a generalized Cosserat continuum. Blocks of the rock mass are represented by mass points, and to each point a number of vectors — the directors — is assigned. These directors determine the size and shape of the individual blocks. For this continuum are derived the basic equations of motion and the thermodynamic relations. The stress state is represented by a non-symmetric stress tensor.

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ZusammenfassungEine kontinuumsmechanische Annäherung zur Mechanik der Felsmassen Ein quasi-homogener Bereich einer diskontinuierlichen Felsmasse wird durch ein verallgemeinertes Cosserat-Kontinuum approximiert. Einzelne Kluftkörper der Felsmasse werden dabei als Massenpunkte des Kontinuums betrachtet und jedem Punkt wird eine Zahl von Vektoren — Direktoren genannt — zugeschrieben. Die Direktoren kennzeichnen die Größe und Gestalt der einzelnen Kluftkörper. Für dieses Kontinuum werden die Bewegungsgrundgleichungen und die thermodynamischen Beziehungen abgeleitet. Der Spannungszustand wird durch einen nicht symmetrischen Spannungstensor charakterisiert.

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RésuméUne approximation de la mécanique des massifs rocheux par la mécanique des milieux continus Une région quasi-homogène d'un massif rocheux discontinu est représentée par un milieu continu de Cosserat généralisé. Les blocs du massif rocheux sont représentés par des points; à chacun de ces points est attaché un certain nombre de vecteurs directeurs. Ces vecteurs déterminent les dimensions et la forme de chaque bloc. Les équations fondamentales du mouvement et les relations thermodynamiques sont obtenues pour ce milieu. Les efforts sont caractérisés par un tenseur contrainte non-symétrique.

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Future papers by the author will give more details regarding the same problems in a form more accessible for the practising engineers.

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Porphyry copper mineralization in panama     

Ante Ferenčić 《Mineralium Deposita》1970,5(4):383-389

Recently discovered porphyry copper mineralization at Petaquilla in Panama covers an area of 8–10 sq.km (about 4 sq.km possibly economic). Some 20 ore minerals with chalcopyrite prevailing constitute the mineral association. The mineralization is related to the late Tertiary intermediate intrusives. Geochemical surveys played an important role in the determination of ore bearing areas. The possible economic importance of these deposits is being investigated.

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Zusammenfassung Die vor kurzem entdeckte Porphyrkupfer-Vererzung bei Petaquilla in Panama erstreckt sich über ein Gebiet von 8–10 qkm (davon enthalten etwa 4 qkm möglicherweise abbauwürdige Erze). Ungefähr 20 Erzmineralien mit Kupferkies als dominierender Komponente bilden die Mineralparagenese. Die Mineralisation ist an spät-tertiäre intermediäre Intrusionen gebunden. Die geochemische Exploration spielte eine wichtige Rolle bei der Bestimmung der erzführenden Zonen. Da die Erzlagerstätten vermutlich bauwürdige Zonen enthalten, rechtfertigt sich die Fortsetzung der Explorationsarbeiten.

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Geology of the San Isidro iron ore deposit,Venezuela     

Ante J. Ferenčić 《Mineralium Deposita》1969,4(3):283-297

The iron ore deposits of Cuadrilatero Ferrifero de San Isidro represent the largest iron ore reserves in Venezuela. The district is a part of the iron metallogenic province of northern Guayana, one of the richest iron-bearing regions of the world. All presently known iron ore deposits of Venezuela are situated within this province: Cerro Bolivar, Altamira, Rondon, San Isidro, María Luisa, El Pao and others. Their total ore reserves amount to 2,000 million tons (disregarding the unenriched or slightly enriched iron-formation). The Imataca belt to which the iron ore deposits are confined consists of metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks of Early Precambrian age, the oldest rocks presently known in South America. This belt extends some 450 km from the Orinoco delta southwesterly to the Cauro River. Iron ore is formed from banded iron-formation, a member of the Imataca complex, by removal of silica. The process of supergene enrichment is controlled to a certain degree by structural elements. There are five ore bodies in the San Isidro district, extremely varied in shape and size. Single bodies extend up to 3–4 km in length, approximately parallel to the regional structure pattern, and a few hundred meters in width. The morphology of the bottom of the ore bodies is rather irregular, particularly in transversal sections. Contacts between ore and the unaltered iron-formation beneath are gradational. Maximum vertical section through ore is 260 m; the average is 60 m approximately. The stratigraphic thickness of iron formation has been magnified by structural deformations. The primary stratigraphic thickness is estimated to be some 50–150 m. The iron ore is classified into two main types: a) hard, crustal ore, b) soft, friable ore. Hematite grains which remained after the leaching of silica, and goethite (as cement) are the two main constituents of crustal ore. Hematite and magnetite and a minor amount of quartz are almost the only constituents of friable ore. The crustal ore forms a 15–60 m thick mantle covering friable ore. The overall volume ratio between the friable and the crustal ore is about 2:1. However, it varies in different zones. The mean composition of iron ore on the basis of 10,800 chemical analyses is 64.41% Fe, 2.62% SiO₂, 0.6% Al₂O₃. The ore contains a minor amount of Mn, P, Ti (no S, As, Ba). The ore reserves amount to 750 million tons; in addition, 180–300 million tons of possible ore reserves are estimated.

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Zusammenfassung Die Eisenerzlagerstätten der Cuadrilatero Ferrifero de San Isidro beinhalten die größten Eisenerzreserven in Venezuela. Der Erzbezirk ist ein Teil der reichsten Eisenerzregionen der Welt. Alle bekannten Eisenerzvorkommen Venezuelas befinden sich in dieser Provinz (Cerro Bolivar, Altamira, Rondon, San Isidro, Maria Luisa, El Pao und andere). Die Gesamtvorräte werden auf etwa zwei Milliarden Tonnen geschätzt (ohne die nichtangereicherten oder nur wenig angereicherten Eisenquarzite). Die Imataca-Zone, an die die Eisenerzvorkommen angrenzen, besteht aus metamorphosierten sedimentären und magmatischen Gesteine des Archaikums, die ältesten bisher in Südamerika bekannten Gesteine. Die Imataca-Zone erstreckt sich ungefähr 450 km vom Delta des Orinoco in südwestlicher Richtung bis Rio Cauro. Die Eisenerze entstanden aus feingeschichteten (gebänderten) Eisenquarziten (Itabirite). Die Prozesse der deszendenten Anreicherung werden teilweise durch strukturelle Elemente bedingt. Fünf Erzkörper des San Isidro-Bezirks sind bekannt. Die Lagerstätten sind 3 bis 4 km lang und einige Hunderte Meter breit. Sie sind den regionalen Strukturen vorwiegend parallel gelagert. Die Morphologie der Erzkörperunterlage ist ziemlich unregelmäßig, besonders senkrecht zum Streichen. Der Kontakt zwischen dem Erz und den unterliegenden unveränderten Eisenquarziten ist stufenförmig. Das Erz ist durchschnittlich etwa 60 m mächtig, mit maximalen vertikalen Mächtigkeiten von 260 m. Die primäre stratigraphische Mächtigkeit des Eisenquarzites wurde durch strukturelle Deformationen vergrößert. Man kann die primäre Mächtigkeit auf 50–150 m schätzen. Das Eisenerz wird in zwei Typen klassifiziert: a) hartes Krustenerz, b) weiches, bröckeliges Erz. Die Hämatitkörner, die nach der Entfernung der Kieselsäure übrig blieben nebst Goethit (als Zement), sind die zwei wichtigsten Komponenten des Krustenerzes. Das weiche Erz enthält Hämatit, Magnetit und etwas Quarz. Das Krustenerz bildet eine 15–60 m mächtige Decke über dem bröckeligen, weichen Erz. Das Gesamtvolumenverhältnis zwischen dem weichen und harten Erz ist ungefähr 2:1. In anderen Zonen ist es jedoch unterschiedlich. Die durchschnittliche Zusammensetzung des Eisenerzes ist: Fe 64,41%, SiO₂ 2,62%, Al₂O₃ 0,6%; das Erz enthält auch etwas Mn, P, Ti (kein S, As, Ba). Die Eisenerzvorräte wurden auf 750 Millionen Tonnen berechnet, wozu wahrscheinlich weitere 180–300 Millionen Tonnen kommen.

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