Aus Kaliforniens Erdölfeldern     

Walther Klüpfel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1941,32(1-2):178-179

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Über Reliefmorphogenie und zyklische Landschaftsgenerationen     

Walther Klüpfel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1926,17(6):401-417

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Bemerkungen zum Vortrag Backlund     

Walther Klüpfel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1936,27(1):75-76

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

DerpermokarboneVulkanismus des Thüringer Waldes und das Eruptionsgesetz der vorquartären Vulkane     

Walther Klüpfel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1935,26(6):433-434

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The Measurement of Active Chlorine in the Atmosphere by Chemical Amplification     

D. Perner  T. Arnold  J. Crowley  T. Klüpfel  M. Martinez  R. Seuwen 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,34(1):9-20

Chemical amplification, CA, a method commonly used for the detection of peroxy radicals, HO₂ and RO₂, was found to be sensitive towards ClOx (Cl+ClO+OClO) as well. ClOx is reduced by NO to Cl atoms which react with carbon monoxide in the presence of O₂. The reaction sequence thus initiated oxidizes CO to CO₂ and NO to NO₂, with a chain length of 300 ± 60. This allows the atmospheric ClOx content to be measured under ambient conditions with a detection limit of better than 1 ppt. In parallel peroxy radicals are indicated with a chain length of 160 ± 15. Chemical amplification is not specific and does not indicate which radical chain it is seeing. Identification relies solely on plausibility. During the ARCtic Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry (ARCTOC) campaign in spring 1995 and 1996 the CA technique was used at Ny-Ålesund. ClOx at mixing ratios of up to 2 ppt were found in the boundary layer under certain conditions. The low concentrations of ClOx indicate that the arctic boundary ozone depletion is mainly driven by bromine.  相似文献   

Trace elements in natural metallic iron from Disko Island,Greenland     

W. Klöck  H. Palme  H. J. Tobschall 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,93(3):273-282

The largest occurrence of natural metallic iron on Earth is on the island of Disko, Greenland. Metallic iron is found there in a variety of different types, from small metal particles in basalts to large meter-sized blocks. We have studied three different types of metallic iron: small metal spherules (< 300 m) in basaltic magma; larger metal grains (300 m-3 mm), often composed of aggregates of smaller particles, in similar host rocks; and massive iron lumps (up to several tons). Analytical data for 13 siderophile elements in samples from these three types are presented. All metals analysed have a distinctly crustal pattern of siderophile elements. High Co/Ni, Re/Ir or W/Ir ratios clearly demonstrate that a meteoritic origin for the metallic iron must be excluded. Since the Co/Ni and Re/Ir ratios are approximately chondritic in the upper mantle of the Earth, a mantle origin for the Disko metals can also be ruled out. This supports earlier petrological and geological evidence that the metallic iron was formed through reduction of basaltic magma by carbon derived from Tertiary shales and coals. Significant differences in absolute and relative abundances of siderophile elements occur among the three kinds of metals. The strongly siderophile elements (e.g. Ir, Re, Ni) increase in concentration from the small metal spherules through the larger grains to the massive iron lumps. The contents of less strongly siderophile elements (P, W, Ga) decrease in the same sequence. Evidence is presented that the small metal spherules are formed by in situ reduction. Larger iron metal grains and massive iron lumps are composed of small spherules, accumulated by gravitational settling in a magma reservoir. These metal cumulates have extracted highly siderophile elements from a larger volume of basaltic melt.Part of a Ph.D. thesis by W. Klöck  相似文献   

The attenuation of longitudinal waves in diabase and greywacke under pressures up to 4 kilobars     

Karel Klíma  Jiří Vaněk  Zdeněk Pros 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1964,8(3):247-254

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Reliability of focal mechanism determination     

Karel Klíma  Libuše Ruprechtová  Reviewer V. Červený 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1981,25(3):224-230

Summary The fault plane solution determined by means of a computer algorithm, correlating the radiation pattern with the distribution of observations, was investigated from the point of view of its reliability. The maximum of the correlation function R corresponds to the optimum solution found by the computer. If the families of nodal lines fitting the decreased correlation function R —dR retain the character of the optimum solution even whendR increases, we assume that the solution has been determined with a sufficient accuracy.  相似文献   

Rheologische Gesichtspunkte bei der Verformung der Lithosphäre unter Lasten     

Dipl.-Phys. Martin Klügel  Prof. Dr. Horst J. Neugebauer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1981,70(1):261-270

Zusammenfassung Die Deformation der Erdoberfläche durch Auflasten ist eine Funktion der jeweiligen Last sowie der rheologisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften der Lithosphäre und des oberen Mantels der Erde.Erklärungsversuche beobachteter Deformationen als Folge von Lasten auf der Grundlage linearer rheologischer Gesetzmäßigkeiten führen im allgemeinen zu unzureichenden Resultaten. Hinzu kommen theoretische und experimentelle Resultate über das nichtlineare Materialverhalten von Gesteinen.Daher werden numerische Modellrechnungen in Ansatz gebracht, um entsprechende rheologische, strukturelle und kinematische Größen in Zusammenhang zu bringen. Diese Berechnungen erbringen deutliche Hinweise, daß der nichtlineare Theologische Ansatz sehr viel weitreichendere Erklärungen der Beobachtungen zuläßt.

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The deformation of the earth's surface in response to loads is a function of the corresponding loads as well as the rheological constitution of the lithosphere and the upper mantle.Proposed explanations of observations on the base of linear rheologies lead to unsatisfactory results. In addition theoretical and experimental considerations claim nonlinear dependence of the creep rate of rocks on the shear stress.Numerical models have been adopted to bring appropriate rheological, structural and loading conditions together. The numerical results evidently favour the nonlinear rheology statement because this assumption allows more extensive explanations of data.

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Résumé La déformation de la surface de la terre en tant que réaction due aux charges est une fonction de la charge correspondante ainsi que des propriétés rhéologico-dynamiques de la lithosphère et du manteau supérieur.Des essais d'explication de déformations sous l'effet de charge sur la base de régularités linéaires rhéologiques donnent en général des résultats non satisfaisants. A ceci s'ajoutent des résultats théoriques et expérimentaux sur le comportement non-linéaire des roches.Des calculs de modèle numériques sont adoptés pour conférer une cohésion entre les valeurs rhéologiques, structurelles et cinématique correspondantes. Ces calculs apportents des indications claires telles, que la mise en équation non-linéare rhéologique permet des explications beaucoup plus générales des observations.

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Laboratory Approach to the Study of Elastic Anisotropy on Rock Samples     

Z. Pros  T. Lokajíček  K. Klíma 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1998,151(2-4):619-629

—The experimental approach (hardware and software) to the study of the elastic an isotropy of rocks on spherical samples under hydrostatic pressure up to 400 MPa is discussed. A substantial innovation of the existing measuring system and processing methods enabled us to make a detailed investigation and evaluation of the kinematic as well as dynamic parameters of elastic waves propagating through anisotropic media. The innovation is based on digital recording of the wave pattern with a high sampling density of both time and amplitude. Several options and results obtained with the innovated laboratory equipment are presented.  相似文献