全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1587篇 |
免费 | 39篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 39篇 |
大气科学 | 152篇 |
地球物理 | 291篇 |
地质学 | 488篇 |
海洋学 | 138篇 |
天文学 | 342篇 |
自然地理 | 183篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 8篇 |
2020年 | 12篇 |
2019年 | 24篇 |
2018年 | 36篇 |
2017年 | 23篇 |
2016年 | 31篇 |
2015年 | 21篇 |
2014年 | 49篇 |
2013年 | 104篇 |
2012年 | 58篇 |
2011年 | 64篇 |
2010年 | 47篇 |
2009年 | 57篇 |
2008年 | 62篇 |
2007年 | 55篇 |
2006年 | 53篇 |
2005年 | 56篇 |
2004年 | 74篇 |
2003年 | 48篇 |
2002年 | 42篇 |
2001年 | 39篇 |
2000年 | 29篇 |
1999年 | 28篇 |
1998年 | 22篇 |
1997年 | 19篇 |
1996年 | 17篇 |
1995年 | 16篇 |
1994年 | 15篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 17篇 |
1990年 | 14篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 21篇 |
1987年 | 18篇 |
1986年 | 23篇 |
1985年 | 34篇 |
1984年 | 30篇 |
1983年 | 28篇 |
1982年 | 19篇 |
1981年 | 30篇 |
1980年 | 25篇 |
1979年 | 30篇 |
1978年 | 30篇 |
1977年 | 28篇 |
1976年 | 13篇 |
1975年 | 12篇 |
1973年 | 19篇 |
1972年 | 17篇 |
1971年 | 21篇 |
排序方式: 共有1633条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
82.
We have made use of the nearly complete linear polarization of synchrotron radiation to study the polarization dependence of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended fine structure (EXAFS) in oriented single crystals of gillespite (BaFe2+ Si4O10; Fe2 + in square-planar coordination, point symmetry C
4), anatase (TiO2; Ti4+ in octahedral coordination, point symmetry D
2d), and epidote (Ca2(Al, Fe3+)3SiO4)3(OH); Fe3+ in distorted octahedral coordination, point symmetry (C
s). For gillespite, the Fe K-XANES spectrum varies strongly with E-vector orientation of the incident X-ray beam. When the E-vector lies in the plane of the FeO4 group (i.e., perpendicular to the c-axis), multiple-scattering features at 7127 and 7131 eV intensify, whereas when the E-vector is perpendicular to the plane of the FeO4 group (i.e., parallel to the c-axis), a strongly-polarized 1s to 4p bound state transition occurs at 7116 eV and a localized continuum resonance occurs at 7122 eV. The Fe-K-EXAFS spectrum of gillespite is also highly polarization dependent. When the E-vector is perpendicular to c, all four nearest-neighbor oxygens around Fe2+ contribute to the EXAFS signal; when E is parallel to c, the EXAFS signal from nearest-neighbors is reduced by at least 86%. The unpolarized Ti K-XANES spectrum of anatase has three relatively strong pre-edge features at 4967.1, 4969.9, and 4972.7 eV which have resisted definitive interpretation in past studies. The lowest energy feature has a strong xy polarization dependence, suggesting a large amount of 4p
x,y character, and it is also very sharp, indicating a well-defined transition energy. Both of these observations are consistent with an excitonic state with a binding energy of 2.8 eV. The two higher energy features, which are characteristic of octahedrally-coordinated Ti4+, show little polarization dependence and are probably due to 1s to 3d bound-state transitions, with a small degree of np character in the final state wavefunction. Interpretation of the polarization dependence of Fe K-XANES spectra for epidote is not as straightforward due to the lower space group symmetry (P21/m) relative to gillespite (P4/ncc) and anatase (I41/amd) and the lower point group symmetry (C
s) of the M(3) site which contains most of the Fe3+ in the epidote structure. However, the presence of a shoulder at 7121 eV in the E parallel to b spectrum and its absence in the E normal to bc spectrum are consistent with it being a 1s to 4p
z bound-state transition. Strong, weakly x, y polarized features near 7126 eV in both spectra are most likely due to localized continuum transitions. Also, the 1s to 3d pre-edge intensity varies in intensity with E-vector orientation which is consistent with displacement of Fe3+ from the center of the M(3) octahedral site. Analysis of EXAFS spectra of epidote in these two polarizations yields bond distances which are within 0.04 Å of previous single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. This study demonstrates the utility of polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy in quantifying the energies and orbital compositions of final state wavefunctions associated with various X-ray induced transitions in transition-metal containing minerals. It also shows that reasonably accurate M-O distances can be obtained for individual bonds oriented in crystallographically non-equivalent directions. 相似文献
83.
84.
The finite element method has often been used to simulate excavation. When the soil is linearly elastic, the results of excavation should be independent of the number of stages in the excavation process, and lack of such independence indicates an incorrect procedure. The simple direct method described in this paper provides the required independence in the case of linearly elastic materials, and hence can be used for multi-stage excavation in non-linear problems without excessive errors. However methods whose errors increase with the number of stages of excavation are quite unsuitable for non-linear problems. Alternative methods of analysis, errors arising from the inability of the elements to model adequately the stress gradients near the toe of the excavation and excavation adjacent to a diaphragm wall are discussed. 相似文献
85.
R.M. Brown H.R. Andrews G.C. Ball N. Burn Y. Imahori J.C.D. Milton E.L. Fireman 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1984,67(1):1-8
14C has been measured in three North American and seven Antarctic meteorites with the Chalk River MP tandem accelerator. In most cases cosmogenic14C, which is tightly bound, was separated from absorbed atmospheric radiocarbon by stepwise heating extractions. Terrestrial ages obtained by comparing cosmogenic14C in the meteorite to that in Bruderheim are (7.2 ± 0.6) × 103 years for Yamato 7304, (11.6 ± 0.4) × 103 years for Estacado, and range from (32.7 ± 0.5) × 103 to (41.0 ± 0.8) × 103 years for six meteorites recovered at Allan Hills and its vicinity. The present upper limit to age determination by the accelerator method varies from 50 × 103 to 70 × 103 years depending upon mass and carbon content of the sample. The natural limit caused by cosmic ray production of14C in silicate rocks at 2000 m elevation is estimated to be (55 ± 5) × 103 years. “Weathering ages” were estimated for the Antarctic meteorites from the specific activity of loosely-bound CO2 considered to be absorbed from the terrestrial atmosphere on weathering. The accelerator measurements are in accordance with previous low-level counting measurements but have higher precision and sensitivity. 相似文献
86.
The average local structure of a rhyolitic composition glass has been determined at 25°C using X-ray radial distribution analysis (RDA) and quasi-crystalline modelling and is best described as similar to that in a stuffed framework composed principally of six-membered rings of Si and Al tetrahedra (basically a stuffed tridymite-like model). Using this model it is possible to calculate a density (2.41 g/cm3) which compares well with the measured density (2.40 g/cm3); a structural model based on four-membered rings (an albite-like model) results in a substantially higher calculated density (2.60 g/cm3). We suggest that the rhyolite glass structural model is appropriate for rhyolitic melts, based on evidence from the recent literature. New viscosity data for an anhydrous rhyolite composition measured between 1200°C and 1500°C are presented and interpreted in terms of our proposed structural model and previous melt structure models for the major normative components of rhyolite. A mechanism for diffusion and viscous flow in framework silicate melts (including rhyolite composition) is proposed on the basis of recent molecular orbital calculations and molecular dynamics simulations of silicate and fluoride melts. 相似文献
87.
88.
Summary Litton Divisions presently produce both high accuracy GPS surveyors and low—cost GPS navigation sets. Aero Service'sMACROMETER
R Interferometric Surveyors, have become the standard against which GPS surveying equipment is measured. Litton Aero Products
has developed a highly digitized, low costL
1,C/A code GPS card set. The integration of these technologies had led to the development of a low-cost, high-precision, GPS survey
system which can be configured with or without a codelessL
2 capability.
TheMINI-MAC surveying system is the first member of the new generation of GPS survey systems resulting from this joint development. The
system design is described in this paper, and initial survey test results using a prototypeMINI-MAC surveying system are presented. 相似文献
89.
Over the past decade, photogrammetry has been increasingly applied as a precise three dimensional measuring tool in industrial and engineering works. Analytical photogrammetry is now routinely employed in tasks of measurement as diverse as machine tool inspection and fixture checking, structural deformation monitoring, the provision of control databases to guide industrial robots and the measurement of structures in earth orbit. Traditional photogrammetric techniques and instrumentation are usually inappropriate for industrial work and the development of complete, fully integrated close range photogrammetric systems has recently gained considerable impetus. This paper details some of the significant new developments in industrial photogrammetry, with particular reference to technological advances in the Simultaneous Triangulation and Resection System (STARS) designed by Geodetic Services, Inc. for industrial photograininetry. Practical aspects of industrial measurement are also presented in a review of some of the varying tasks that GSI has carried out in recent years. Emphasis is placed on demonstrating the flexibility, accuracy, reliability and economy of photogrammetry, as well as the progress made in automating this measurement technique. 相似文献
90.