Possibilities and Limitations of Interdisciplinary, User-oriented Research: Experiences from the German Research Network Natural Disasters     

Bruno Merz  Jana Friedrich  Markus Disse  Jochen Schwarz  Johann G. Goldammer  Jochen Wächter 《Natural Hazards》2006,38(1-2):3-20

The German Research Network for Natural Disasters (DFNK) linked 15 partners with scientific expertise in the field of natural hazards. Main objectives were the development and provision of the scientific fundamentals for an advanced risk management of important natural disasters in Germany, i.e., floods, earthquakes, storms and wildland fires. This included risk analyses, the development of information systems for supporting disaster management, and recommendations for risk reduction measures. This paper gives an overview of DFNK and summarises its experiences concerning multidisciplinarity and user-orientation. It illustrates the concept of risk chains, causally linking the different processes from hazard to risk. The step from hazard to risk requires interdisciplinary research teams. The experiences show that integrative concepts allow results not achievable with mono-disciplinary approaches. Integrative approaches pave the way to harmonised safety considerations taking into account the different hazards in a region within a common framework. User-orientation, policy advice and development of operational tools are key issues of disaster research. The experiences of DFNK illustrate the limitations of a research network in bridging the gap between research and application within rather short-term projects. Successful cooperation with users could be established by those activities where, at the beginning of the project, a user was identified who had a strong interest in solving an urgent problem.  相似文献   

Ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project: I. Petrology and geochemistry of the main hole (0–2,050 m)     

Zeming Zhang  Yilin Xiao  Jochen Hoefs  J. G. Liou  Klaus Simon 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,152(4):421-441

The main hole (MH) of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) in southern Sulu has penetrated into an ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rock slice which consists of orthogneiss, paragneiss, eclogite, ultramafic rock and minor schist. Recovered eclogites have a UHP metamorphic mineral assemblage of garnet + omphacite + rutile ± phengite ± kyanite ± coesite ± epidote. Ultramafic rocks contain garnet + olivine + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene ± Ti-clinohumite ± phlogopite. Gneisses and schists contain an amphibolite-facies paragenesis, but their zircons have coesite, garnet, omphacite (or jadeite) and phengite inclusions, indicating that eclogites and gneisses have been subjected to in situ UHP metamorphism. Using available geothermobarometers, P–T estimates of 3.1–4.4 GPa and 678–816°C for eclogites were obtained. If surface outcrops and neighboring shallow drill holes are considered together, we suggest that a huge supracrustal rock slab (> 50 km long × 100 km wide × 5 km deep) was subducted to a depth > 100 km and then exhumed to the surface. The depth interval (0–2,050 m) of the CCSD-MH can be divided into six lithological units. Unit 1 consists of alternating layers of quartz-rich and rutile-rich eclogites, with thin interlayers of gneiss and schist. Eclogites of unit 1 are characterized by Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, low Mg number and general LREE enrichment. Unit 2 comprises rutile- and ilmenite-rich eclogite and minor “normal” eclogite and is characterized by high TiO₂, total Fe, V, Co and Sr, and very low SiO₂, alkali, Zr, Ba, Nb, Ta and total REE contents, and LREE-depleted REE patterns with slightly positive Eu anomalies. Unit 3 contains ultramafic rock and minor MgO-rich eclogite. Protoliths of UHP rocks from units 1, 2 and 3 represent a layered mafic to ultramafic intrusion at crustal depth. Units 4 and 6 consist of interlayered eclogite and paragneiss; the eclogites are characterized by Th, U, Nb, Ta and Ti depletion and K enrichment and LREE-enriched REE patterns. Paragneisses show Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions and LREE-enriched REE patterns occasionally with slightly negative Eu anomalies, indicating that their protoliths represent metamorphic supracrustal series. Unit 5 consists mainly of orthogneisses, showing distinct Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, and LREE-enriched REE patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies, suggesting granitic protoliths. In conclusion it is proposed that the southern Sulu UHP belt consists of a series of meta-supracrustal rocks, a layered mafic–ultramafic complex and granites.  相似文献   

Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoff-Isotopenuntersuchungen an Karbonatkonkretionen und umgebendem Gestein     

Jochen Hoefs 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1970,27(1):66-79

The composition of the carbon and oxygen isotopes has been determined in about 40 carbonate concretions and surrounding clays and shales of different geological ages. Two different areas and stratigraphic levels in Northwestern Germany have been sampled: 1. concretions in shales of Lower Cretaceous age fromt he area between Hildesheim and Hannover; 2. concretions in shales of Devonian age from the Harz mountains (and the foreland).While the concretions of Group 1 generally are enriched in the light isotope ¹²C (¹³C values from –3.3 to –43.2 relative to PDB), compared to the surrounding shales (0.9 to –5.3), no significant differences could be observed between concretions and shales of Group 2 (concretions: 2.0 to –7.0; shales: –0.3 to –6.2).The average ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios of the Devonian samples are lower than those from the Cretaceous, because the probability of an exchange with light meteoric water in diagenetic reactions increases with geologic age.Formed under special conditions of the microenvironment, such as the presence of organic material and local alkalinity during the early stages of diagenesis, the carbon isotopic composition of concretions will probably have preserved some characteristic properties of this mioroenvironment.It is assumed that concretions with the heavy carbon contain carbon from CO₂ which was in isotope equilibrium with CH₄, both of them liberated during the decay of organic material. The light carbon from concretions of Group 1 is explained as fixed CO₂, originating from microbiological or inorganic oxidation of organic substances, which was not in isotope equilibrium with methane (if this was present at all).After precipitation of the concretionary carbonates, no significant carbon isotope exchange seems to have occurred, otherwise the pattern of a heterogeneous carbon isotope composition found in several concretions could not be explained.Strontium concentrations (see Appendix) range from those of primary calcite precipitated in sea water to diagenetic carbonates formed from solutions with a high Ca/Sr ratio. They indicate that during the formation of concretions in abundant cases the system was closed to ocean water.  相似文献   

Erratum to: Spatial variations of sea-level rise and impacts: An application of DIVA     

Sally Brown  Robert J. Nicholls  Jason A. Lowe  Jochen Hinkel 《Climatic change》2014,122(1-2):329-329

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The need for disciplinarity,interdisciplinarity and scientific societies-the cartographic perspective     

Jochen Schiewe 《地球空间信息科学学报》2021,24(1):160-166

Do we still need Cartography?Do we still need a cartographic society?These questions,which can also be transferred to other disciplines,are answered from disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives-which creates an ideal connection to the networked and interdisciplinary thinking of Gottfried Konecny.The need for Cartography as a discipline is discussed based on a view on historic,current and future functions of maps and changing research and development require-ments.With respect to interdisciplinarity,Cartography shows connections to various domains while more and more relationships with young areas from the field of Computer Science are developing.With regard to cartographic societies,their central role and importance as network-ing platforms are emphasized.Nevertheless,geographical and thematic granularities of societies as well as networking formats(including online versions)need to be evaluated and further developed on a constant basis.  相似文献   

A multi-method approach to quantify groundwater/surface water-interactions in the semi-arid Hailiutu River basin,northwest China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zhi Yang  Yangxiao Zhou  Jochen Wenninger  Stefan Uhlenbrook 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(3):527-541

Identification and quantification of groundwater and surface-water interactions provide important scientific insights for managing groundwater and surface-water conjunctively. This is especially relevant in semi-arid areas where groundwater is often the main source to feed river discharge and to maintain groundwater dependent ecosystems. Multiple field measurements were taken in the semi-arid Bulang sub-catchment, part of the Hailiutu River basin in northwest China, to identify and quantify groundwater and surface-water interactions. Measurements of groundwater levels and stream stages for a 1-year investigation period indicate continuous groundwater discharge to the river. Temperature measurements of stream water, streambed deposits at different depths, and groundwater confirm the upward flow of groundwater to the stream during all seasons. Results of a tracer-based hydrograph separation exercise reveal that, even during heavy rainfall events, groundwater contributes much more to the increased stream discharge than direct surface runoff. Spatially distributed groundwater seepage along the stream was estimated using mass balance equations with electrical conductivity measurements during a constant salt injection experiment. Calculated groundwater seepage rates showed surprisingly large spatial variations for a relatively homogeneous sandy aquifer.  相似文献   

Simulationen der Radioaktivitätsausbreitung im Meer aufgrund der französischen Kernversuche im Südpazifik     

Mittelstaedt  Ekkehard  Segschneider  Jochen 《Ocean Dynamics》1999,51(10):33-38

Ocean Dynamics - Im Rahmen der “Internationalen Studie zur radiologischen Situation bei den Atollen Mururoa und Fangataufa” ist die Ausbreitung radioaktiver Konzentrationen im Meer mit...  相似文献