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91.
The Upper Tertiary inter-andean tectonic trough of the Salar de Punta Negra is being filled mainly through sporadic flash-floods by denudation products from the East (Andes). Borehole records up to 430 m deep suggest depositional conditions similar to the actual ones.Block tectonic movements with N-S and NNE-SSW directions from Upper Tertiary through Pleistocene affected the normal morphology of the fans.Gravity survey has corfirmed a tectonic origin of the basin. East of the Salar, a buried graben with an alluvial fill of 550–750 m thickness was found, which may contain a groundwater reservoir.
Zusammenfassung Der jungtertiäre intra-andine Graben des Salars Punta Negra wurde durch sporadische Flutfächer vorwiegend aus dem Osten (Hochkordillere) gefüllt. Bohrungen bis 430 m Tiefe zeigen ähnliche Fanglomerate, wie sie heute entstehen.Verwerfungen mit N-S- und NNE-SSW-Richtungen zwischen Jungtertiär und Pleistozän beeinflussen die Morphologie der Schuttfächer.Gravimetrische Messungen ergaben, daß die Depression tektonisch angelegt ist. Östlich des heutigen Salars liegt ein verschütteter Graben mit einer alluvialen Füllung von mindestens 550–750 m Dicke. Hier könnte ein Grundwasser-Reservoir liegen.

Resumen El graben intra-andino del Salar de Punta Negra de edad Terciario Superior ha sido esporádicamente rellenado por conos aluviales. Estos vienen principalmente del este desde la Alta Cordillera. Perforaciones que han llegado hasta 430 m de profundidad muestran fanglomerados semejantes a los que se forman actualmente.Una tectónica de bloques de dirección N-S y NNE-SSW entre el Terciario Superior y el Pleistoceno afectan la morfología de los conos aluviales.Mediciones gravimétricas permiten concluir que la depresión tiene origen tectónico. Al oriente del Salar aparece un graben relleno de materiales aluviales con una potencia entre 550–750 m. Este graben puede contener acuíferos profundos de utilidad local.

Résumé Le graben intra-andin Cénozoïque Supérieur du Salar de Punta Negra se comble par des courants torrentueux sporadiques de produits de dénudation venant surtout de l'Est (Haute Cordillère). Des forages atteignant 430 m de profondeur suggèrent des conditions de dépôt similaires aux actuelles.Des failles N-S et NNE-SSW actives depuis le Cénozoïque Supérieur jusqu'au Pléistocène ont affecté la morphologie des cônes de déjection.Les mesures gravimétriques confirment l'origine tectonique du bassin de Punta Negra. A l'Est du Salar est situé un graben totalement enfoui de dépôts alluviaux d'une puissance d'environ 550–750 m, où des nappes aquifères exploitables sont susceptibles d'exister à grande profondeur.

- Salars Punta Negra , . 430 , . - -- — -- . , , . Salars , 550–750 . .
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92.
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Core A179-15 from the southern North Atlantic exhibits one of the best paleoclimatic records for the last 25,000 years. This is because it is a high-sedimentation rate core and because it has been analysed at 1 cm intervals by Ericson and Wollin. The core has been used by Mörner for global climatic correlations. The magnetic measurements show a fairly drastic declination excursion at 12,350 B.P., i.e. exactly at the same age as the end of the Gothenburg Magnetic “Flip”. Therefore, the declination excursion in core A179-15 probably represents the end of the Gothenburg Magnetic “Flip” and Excursion. The excursion and a lithologic boundary verify the chronology earlier applied by Mörner.  相似文献   
95.
Résumé Trois séléniures nouveaux ont été découverts dans la minéralisation unranifère à séléniures et sulfures de Chaméane, France. Geffroyite, (Cu, Fe, Ag)9(Se, S)8, cubique,Fm3m,a=10.889 ,Z=4; structure type pentlandite. Densité calculée 5.39 g/cm3. Les raies les plus intenses du diagramme de poudre sont: 9 3.282 (311); 9 3.145 (222); 6 2.094 (511;333); 10 1.925 (440); 5 1.660 (533); 6 1.112 (844). Microdureté Vickers 70 kg/mm2. Brun crème en lumière réfléchie, réflectances: 19.0 (420), 27.5 (500), 30.1 (540), 33.6 (600), 35.8 (660), 36.9 (700 nm). Chaméanite. Les analyses à la microsonde correspondent à (Cu3.46Fe0.52)3.98 (As0.94 Sb0.02)0.96(Se3.72S0.34)4.06, formule idéale (Cu, Fe)4As(Se, S)4. Le rapport Cu/Fe varie de 6 à 13. Cubique,I---,a=11.039 ,Z=8, densité calculée 6.17 g/cm3. Raies les plus intenses du diagramme de poudre: 10 3.187 (222); 9 1.951 (440); 8 1.665 (622); 4 1.381 (800); 6 1.266 (662); 7 1.127 (844); 5 1.062 (10.2.2; 666). Microdureté Vickers 265 kg/mm2. Gris foncé en section polie, plages à zonage complexe dû à des variations de Cu/Fe. Réflectances maximales: 27.1 (420), 26.6 (500), 27.1 (540), 27.7 (600), 28.2 (660); 28.7 (700 nm). Giraudite, (Cu, Zn, Ag)12(As, Sb)4(Se, S)13. Cubique ,a=10.578 ,Z=2; structure type tétraédrite. Analogue arsénié de la hakite. Densité calculée 5.75 g/cm3. Raies les plus intenses du diagramme de poudre: 10 3.050 (222); 5 2.497 (411; 330); 6 1.932 (521); 9 1.868 (440); 7 1.593 (622). Microdureté Vickers 293 kg/mm2. Gris clair, réflectances: 32.2 (420), 31.6 (500), 31.7 (540), 31.7 (600), 31.5 (660), 30.8 (700 nm).Trois épisodes minéralisants, séparés par des mouvements tectoniques, forment la paragenèse de Chaméane, comportant: barytine, pechblende, hématite, löllingite, mispickel, pyrite, chalcopyrite, clausthalite, tétraédrite, tennantite, bukovite, athabascaïte, umangite, berzelianite, klockmannite, eucaïrite, geffroyite, chaméanite, giraudite, eskebornite.
Paragenetic evolution of the uranium mineralization rich in selenides at chaméane (Puy-de Dôme), France: Chaméanite, geffroyite and giraudite, three new selenides of Cu, Fe, Ag and As
Summary Three new selenides occur in the uranium mineralization rich in selenides and sulphides at Chaméane, France. Geffroyite, (Cu, Fe, Ag)9(Se, S)8, cubic,Fm3m,a=10.889 ,Z=4; pentlandite-like structure. Calculated density 5.39 g/cm3. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern are: 9 3.282 (311); 9 3.145 (222); 6 2.094 (511; 333); 10 1.925 (440); 5 1.660 (533); 6 1.112 (844). Vickers microhardness 70 kg/mm2. In reflected light, it has a brown colour with a cream tint. Reflectances: 19.0 (420), 27.5 (500), 30.1 (540), 33.6 (600), 35.8 (660), 36.9 (700 nm). Chaméanite. Microprobe analyses gave (Cu3.46Fe0.52)3.98(As0.94Sb0.02)0.96(Se3.72S0.34)4.06; ideal formula is (Cu, Fe)4As(Se, S)4. The Cu/Fe ratio varies from 6 to 13. CubicI---,a=11.039 ,Z=8, calculated density 6.17 g/cm3. Strongest lines in the powder pattern: 10 3.187 (222); 9 1.951 (440); 8 1.665 (622); 4 1.381 (800); 6 1.266 (622); 7 1.127 (844); 5 1.062 (10.2.2; 666). Vickers microhardness 265 kg/mm2. Dark grey in reflected light. Some grains exhibit irregular zoning due to variations of Cu/Fe ratio. Maximum reflectances: 27.1 (420), 26.6 (500), 27.1 (540); 27.7 (600), 28.2 (660), 28.7 (700 nm). Giraudite, (Cu, Zn, Ag)12(As, Sb)4(Se, S)13. Cubic, ,a=10.578 ,Z=2; member of tetrahedrite series. Arsenian analogue of hakite. Calculated density 5.75 g/cm3. Strongest lines in the powder pattern: 10 3.050 (222); 5 2.497 (411; 330); 6 1.932 (521); 9 1.868 (440); 7 1.593 (622). Vickers microhardness 293 kg/mm2. Light grey in reflected light, reflectances: 32.2 (420), 31.6 (500), 31.7 (540), 31.7 (600), 31.5 (660), 30.8 (700 nm). The mineralization of the Chaméane deposit consists of three cycles separated by tectonic movements. The minerals found are: barite, pitchblende, hematite, löllingite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, clausthalite, tetrahedrite, tennanite, bukovite, athabascaite, umangite, berzelianite, klockmannite, eucairite, geffroyite, chaméanite, giraudite and eskebornite.


Avec 5 Figures  相似文献   
96.
This paper describes the results of numerical experiments with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic and mud transport model in which sediment–fluid interaction is taken into account through the effects of hindered settling, buoyancy destruction in the turbulence k– model and sediment-induced barocline pressure gradients in the momentum equations. The model was applied to a schematic case representing a coastal area with a tidal river, navigation channel and harbour basin, and a real-world case, viz. Rotterdam harbour area in The Netherlands. The results show that the sediment transport into the harbour area, and subsequent siltation rates, increase by a factor 3 to 5 due to the sediment–fluid interaction. It is shown that the larger contribution stems from an increase in vertical gradients in suspended sediment.Responsible Editor: Jens Kappenberg  相似文献   
97.
This paper introduces a new hypothesis about the formation of circular moraine features (CMFs) on felsenmeer-covered plateaux of the Varanger Peninsula, northern Norway. CMFs and glacial lineations in the northwestern part of the Varanger Peninsula were mapped from aerial photographs. In two CMF-rich areas, Base œrro-Plateau and Båtsfjordfjellet, the CMFs were investigated during fieldwork. The aim was to investigate possible entrainment, transport and deposition mechanisms of the CMFs in connection to ice sheet properties.The CMFs were deposited in connection with a polythermal ice cover. During glaciations, the ice sheet was cold-based on the boulder field plateaux and warm-based in valleys, especially in ice drainage pathways towards fjords. The CMF material was probably entrained en masse, on the Varanger Peninsula, in transition zones between warm- and cold-based ice. The debris transport took place close to the ice base. During deglaciation, the debris formed dirt cones, slowing down the melting of underlying dead-ice blocks. As material slid down the margins of the cones, the typical CMF shape was formed.  相似文献   
98.
Stars and bars     
Bars are a common feature of disc galaxies and, as such, must be taken into account in understanding the evolution of structure within galaxies, argues Johan H Knapen.  相似文献   
99.
The western Barents Sea and the Svalbard archipelago share a common history of Caledonian basement formation and subsequent sedimentary deposition. Rock formations from the period are accessible to field study on Svalbard, but studies of the near offshore areas rely on seismic data and shallowdrilling. Offshore mapping is reliable down to the Permian sequence, but multichannel reflection seismic data do not give a coherent picture of older stratigraphy. A survey of 10 Ocean Bottom Seismometer profiles was collected around Svalbard in 1998. Results show a highly variable thickness of pre-Permian sedimentary strata, and a heterogeneous crystalline crust tied to candidates for continental sutures or major thrust zones. The data shown in this paper establish that the observed gravity in some parts of the platform can be directly related to velocity variations in the crystalline crust, but not necessarily to basement or Moho depth. The results from three new models are incorporated with a previously published profile, to produce depth-to-basement and -Moho maps south of Svalbard. There is a 14 km deep basement located approximately below the gently structured Upper Paleozoic Sørkapp Basin, bordered by a 7 km deep basement high to the west, and 7–9 km depths to the north. Continental Moho-depth range from 28 to 35 km, the thickest crust is found near the island of Hopen, and in a NNW trending narrow crustal root located between 19°E and 20°E, the latter is interpreted as a relic of westward dipping Caledonian continental collision or major thrusting. There is also a basement high on this trend. Across this zone, there is an eastward increase in the VP, VP/VS ratio, and density, indicating a change towards a more mafic average crustal composition. The northward basement/Moho trend projects onto the Billefjorden Fault Zone (BFZ) on Spitsbergen. The eastern side of the BFZ correlates closely with coincident linear positive gravity and magnetic anomalies on western Ny Friesland, apparently originating from an antiform with high-grade metamorphic Caledonian terrane. A double linear magnetic anomaly appears on the BFZ trend south of Spitsbergen, sub-parallel to and located 10–50 km west of the crustal root. Based on this correlation, it is proposed that the suture or major thrust zone seen south of Svalbard correlates to the BFZ. The preservation of the relationship between the crustal suture, the crustal root, and upper mantle reflectivity, challenges the large-offset, post-collision sinistral transcurrent movement on the BFZ and other trends proposed in the literature. In particular, neither the wide-angle seismic data, nor conventional deep seismic reflection data south of Svalbard show clear signs of major lateral offsets, as seen in similar data around the British Isles.  相似文献   
100.
On the vertical structure of the Rhine region of freshwater influence   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
An idealised three-dimensional numerical model of the Rhine region of fresh water influence (ROFI) was set up to explore the effect of stratification on the vertical structure of the tidal currents. Prandle’s dynamic Ekman layer model, in the case of zero-depth-averaged, cross-shore velocities, was first used to validate the response of the numerical model in the case of barotropic tidal flow. Prandle’s model predicted rectilinear tidal currents with an ellipse veering of up to 2%. The behaviour of the Rhine ROFI in response to both a neap and a spring tide was then investigated. For the given numerical specifications, the Rhine plume region was well mixed over the vertical on spring tide and stratified on neap tide. During spring conditions, rectilinear tidal surface currents were found along the Dutch coast. In contrast, during neap conditions, significant cross-shore currents and tidal straining were observed. Prandle’s model predicted ellipse veering of 50%, and was found to be a good indicator of ellipticity magnitude as a function of bulk vertical eddy viscosity. The modelled tidal ellipses showed that surface currents rotated anti-cyclonically whereas bottom currents rotated cyclonically. This caused a semi-diurnal cross-shore velocity shearing which was 90° out of phase with the alongshore currents. This cross-shore shear subsequently acted on the horizontal density gradient in the plume, thereby causing a semi-diurnal stratification pattern, with maximum stratification around high water. The same behaviour was exhibited in simulations of a complete spring–neap tidal cycle. This showed a pattern of recurring stratification on neaps and de-stratification on springs, in accordance with observations collected from field campaigns in the 1990’s. To understand the increase in ellipticities to 30% during neaps and the precise shape of the vertical ellipse structure, stratification has to be taken into account. Here, a full three-dimensional numerical model was employed, and was found to represent the effect of de-coupling of the upper and lower layers due to a reduction of mixing at the pycnocline.  相似文献   
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