Twelve years of tracking 52-Hz whale calls from a unique source in the North Pacific     

William A. Watkins  Mary Ann Daher  Joseph E. George  David Rodriguez 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2004,51(12):1889-1901

A unique whale call with 50–52 Hz emphasis from a single source has been tracked over 12 years in the central and eastern North Pacific. These calls, referred to as 52-Hz calls, were monitored and analyzed from acoustic data recorded by hydrophones of the US Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) and other arrays. The calls were noticed first in 1989, and have been detected and tracked since 1992. No other calls with similar characteristics have been identified in the acoustic data from any hydrophone system in the North Pacific basin. Only one series of these 52-Hz calls has been recorded at a time, with no call overlap, suggesting that a single whale produced the calls. The calls were recorded from August to February with most in December and January. The species producing these calls is unknown. The tracks of the 52-Hz whale were different each year, and varied in length from 708 to 11,062 km with travel speeds ranging from 0.7 to 3.8 km/h. Tracks included (A) meandering over short ranges, (B) predominantly west-to-east movement, and (C) mostly north-to-south travel. These tracks consistently appeared to be unrelated to the presence or movement of other whale species (blue, fin and humpback) monitored year-round with the same hydrophones.  相似文献   

北阿尔金地区米兰红柳沟的早古生代蛇绿岩     

杨经绥  史仁灯  吴才来  苏德辰  陈松永  王希斌  Joseph Wooden 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2008,27(Z1)

阿尔金地区以巨型阿尔金走滑断裂而著称,断裂以西为阿尔金山地区,以东为祁连山地区.近年来人们陆续在阿尔金断裂两侧发现榴辉岩带,即南阿尔金榴辉岩带(车自成等1995;刘良等1996)和柴北缘榴辉岩带(杨经绥等,1998,2000),指出阿尔金断裂两侧的岩石单元可以对比,并推断阿尔金断裂左行走滑位移了约400 km(许志琴等,1999;葛肖虹等,1999).  相似文献   

A coupling of mixed and discontinuous Galerkin finite-element methods for poroelasticity     

Phillip Joseph Phillips  Mary F. Wheeler 《Computational Geosciences》2008,12(4):417-435

In this paper, we formulate a finite-element procedure for approximating the coupled fluid and mechanics in Biot’s consolidation model of poroelasticity. We approximate the flow variables by a mixed finite-element space and the displacement by a family of discontinuous Galerkin methods. Theoretical convergence error estimates are derived and, in particular, are shown to be independent of the constrained specific storage coefficient, c _o . This suggests that our proposed algorithm is a potentially effective way to combat locking, or the nonphysical pressure oscillations, which sometimes arise in numerical algorithms for poroelasticity.  相似文献   

Nutrient Mass Flux between Florida Bay and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary     

Patrick J. Gibson  Joseph N. Boyer  Ned P. Smith 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(1):21-32

There is a net discharge of water and nutrients through Long Key Channel from Florida Bay to the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). There has been speculation that this water and its constituents may be contributing to the loss of coral cover on the Florida Keys Reef tract over the past few decades, as well as speculation that changes in freshwater flow in the upstream Everglades ecosystem associated with the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan may exacerbate this phenomenon. The results of this study indicate that although there is a net export of approximately 3,850 (±404) ton N year^?1 and 63 (±7) ton P year^?1, the concentrations of these nutrients flowing out of Florida Bay are the same as those flowing in. This implies that no significant nutrient enrichment is occurring in the waters of the FKNMS in the vicinity of Long Key Channel. Because of the effect of restricted southwestward water flow through Florida Bay by shallow banks and small islands, the volume of relatively high-nutrient water from central and eastern portions of the bay exiting through the channel is small compared to the average tidal exchange. Nutrient loading of relatively enriched bay waters is mediated by tidal exchange and mixing with more ambient concentrations of the western Florida Bay and Hawk Channel. System-wide budgets indicate that the contribution of Florida Bay waters to the inorganic nitrogen pool of the Keys coral reef is small relative to offshore inputs.  相似文献   

Long,accurate time series measurements of radial velocities of solar-type stars     

R. S. Mcmillan  T. L. Moore  M. L. Perry  P. H. Smith 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1994,212(1-2):271-280

We have been measuring changes in the radial velocities (RV's) of solar-type stars to search for gravitational perturbations by planets. We transmit violet starlight through a Fabry-Perot etalon interferometer and sense changes in Doppler shift from changes in the fluxes of light on the slopes of stellar absorption lines. Our data now span 6 years. Our observations of the Sun showed earlier that both our technique and the profiles of solar photospheric violet absorption lines can be stable enough to reveal planetary perturbations. We now carry this validation to the spectra of other near-solar-type stars. Annual averages of our RV's of Draconis and Virginis are stable to ±6 m s^–1. The slope of our five-year series of RV's of Bootis A is consistent with the star's well-determined visual astrometric orbit about Bootis B. The Fabry-Perot technique of Doppler shift measurement is fully capable of detecting perturbations due to planets with masses and orbits similar to those of Jupiter.Paper presented at the Conference onPlanetary Systems: Formation, Evolution, and Detection held 7–10 December, 1992 at CalTech, Pasadena, California, U.S.A.  相似文献   

Telescopic investigation of relative spectral reflectivity of mare grounds of lunar surface     

Joseph Sidky Mikhail 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1979,20(2):199-210

A study of the variation of the spectral relative ratios of reflectivity of selected mare lunar grounds between wavelengths 4000 and 8000 Å is given in comparison with lunar craters. The intensities at different wavelengths of each lunar region are corrected for the angles of illumination and viewing, and they are scaled to unity at =5538Å. Distinct variety in the spectral reflectivity values of mare grounds at short wavelengths are confirmed. The Mare Tranquillitatis type grounds (similar to Apollo-11 site), have relative ratio of reflectivity at short wavelength at =4035 Å; larger than or equal to 1.03 in addition to a bigger difference in reflectivity between the short and the long wavelength. The Mare Serenitatis type grounds (similar to Apollo-12) are characterized to give relative ratio of reflectivity less than 1.03 at =4035 Å, and smaller difference in reflectivity between short and long wavelengths. This is due to the variation in the colour of the Mare Tranquillitatis and Mare Serenitatis type ground due to compositional differences. The mare type grounds are generally different in shape than that of lunar craters grounds.Presented at the IAU-COSPAR Julian Schmidt Symposium on 100 Years of Lunar Mapping held at Lagonissi, Greece, 25–27 May, 1978.  相似文献   

Exospheric perturbations by radiation pressure: II. Solution for orbits in the ecliptic plane     

Joseph W. Chamberlain 《Icarus》1980,44(3):651-656

An earlier paper gave solutions for the mean time rates of change of orbital elements of satellite atoms in an exosphere influenced by solar radiation pressure. Each element was assumet to beahve independently. Here the instantaneous rates of change for three elements $\text{(e, ω,}\text{and}\text{θ = ω + Ω)}$ are integrated simultaneously for the case of the inclination i = 0. The results (a) confirm the validity of using mean rates when the orbits are tightly bound to the planet and (b) serve as examples to be reproduced by the complicated numerical solutions required for arbitrary inclination. Strongly bound hydrogen atoms perturbed in Earth orbit by radiation pressure do not seem a likely cause of the geotail extending in the anti-Sun direction. Instead, radiation pressure wil cause those particles' orbits to form a broad fan-shaped tail and to deteriorate into the Earth's atmosphere. Whether loosely bound H atoms are plentiful enough to create the geotail depends on their source function versusr; that question is beyond the scope of this paper.  相似文献   

Complex refractive index of Martian dust: Wavelength dependence and composition     

Kevin Pang  Joseph M. Ajello 《Icarus》1977,30(1):63-74

Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectra of the 1971 dust clouds were analyzed to obtain the phase function times single scattering albedo of the dust particles. The phase functions were matched with Mie scattering calculations for size distributions of spheres of homogeneous and isotropic material. The absorption index of the dust particles was found to increase with decreasing wavelenght from 350 nm down to about 210 nm, and drop off shortward of this wavelength. A structural shoulder occurs in the absorption spectrum between 240 and 250 nm. Titanium dioxide (anatase) has the correct transitions at 210 and 250 nm to match the absorption curve of Martian dust, and is proposed as a candidate constituent in Martian surface material. The spectral neutrality of TiO₂ between 0.5 and 4 μm is consistent with visible and infrared observations of Mars. The high refractive index of TiO₂ can explain the large refringence of Martian dust. The titanium dioxide content of the dust particles is estimated to be a few percent or less. Uncertainties in the results due to limitations in the model and data are discussed.  相似文献   

Boundary-layer parameterizations for applied dispersion modeling over urban areas   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Steven R. Hanna  Joseph C. Chang 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1992,58(3):229-259

Many applied dispersion models require the knowledge of boundary-layer parameters such as sensible heat flux,Q _H , friction velocity,u _*, and turbulent energy components, _w and _v . Formulas are suggested for calculating these parameters over a wide variety of types of ground surfaces, based on simple observations of wind speed near the ground and fractional cloud cover, and specification of constants such as roughness length, albedo, and soil moisture availability. Observations ofu _*,Q _H , _w , and _v during field experiments in St. Louis and Indianapolis are used to test the formulas for urban sites. Relative errors of about ±20% in the predictions are seen to occur whenu _*,Q _H , _w , and _v are large. However, when these quantities are small (e.g.,u _* < 0.2 m/s), the errors in the predictions are as large as the mean value of the quantity itself.In addition, it is concluded from studies of available field data and theories that the magnitude of _w is not well-known at elevations above about 100m during the late afternoon and night. Some simple parameterizations for _w . are suggested that are consistent with the observed steady decrease in ground-level concentration in the afternoon and the sudden increase in concentration that can occur a few hours after sunset due to wind shears associated with a low-level jet, for continuous plumes emitted from moderate to tall stacks.  相似文献   

Religious persuasion and mode of attendance at general practitioner services in the coleraine urban area,Northern Ireland     

Adrian J. Moore 《GeoJournal》1992,26(1):31-41

From the late 1960s to the early 1980s health authorities in Northern Ireland adopted a policy of centralising general practitioners (GPs) into single multi-purpose premises (Health Centres). The result of this policy has been the creation of a distinct system of provision in many towns of the province. In a study of one of these towns, namely Coleraine, consumer utilisation of the service was examined giving particular attention to spatial patterns of behaviour.In this paper the findings on the aspect of mode of attendance with regard to doctor registration and religious affiliation will be presented. A distinct religious element is identified in registrations with GPs and is seen to be more pronounced for the Catholic ethnic minority. Further analysis of the Catholic/non-Catholic comparison reveals marked differences between the main Protestant denominations.The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the possible implications this may have for the general practitioner service system and its operation.  相似文献