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51.
This article aims to generate insights into both private governance and partnerships within the shipping industry, but also tries to improve understanding of the complex process of institutionalisation.This is achieved through a case study of the Clean Shipping Project, a public/private partnership that aims to promote sustainability in the shipping industry. A set of enabling and constraining factors are examined that shape the institutionalisation process and determine to what extent the Clean Shipping Project can establish and expand authority as an industry norm.Overall, the Clean Shipping Project cannot yet be considered a full-fledged private governance institution, because of an insufficient level of collaborative advantage mainly due to weak system robustness and unfavourable market characteristics and conditions. However, institutionalisation is an ongoing process and the future outlook for the Clean Shipping Project remains promising. The Clean Shipping Project is certainly a relevant supplement to existing regulations and there is a basic level of commitment and cohesion within the partnership, so it is not unlikely that in the future this initiative may help to uncouple growth in shipping activities from environmental harm. 相似文献
52.
A major goal of paleolimnological studies is the quantification of past environmental conditions. This is accomplished by
computing transfer functions relating organism assemblages to environmental factors. The environmental data are typically
comprised of a point sample of water chemistry and other environmental parameters that are collected at the same time as a
surface sediment sample. We explore whether the year of sampling of the environmental variables affects the parameterization
of organism-environment relations, in particular chironomids, ostracodes and diatoms. Canonical correspondence analyses revealed
that the year of sampling is of secondary importance when relating the organism assemblages to environmental variables, but
only with the major explanatory variables. A chironomid-inferred bottom water temperature partial least squares transfer function
revealed similar performance statistics between the years. Taxon optima and tolerances were computed for both years using
weighted averaging, and the results are comparable. A paired t-test computed on the proxy-inferred bottom water temperature values indicated that the results between the 2 years are not
statistically different. The results of this study provide guarded optimism that the methodology of estimating transfer functions
as currently applied is not entirely determined by the particular year when the data were collected, although more case studies
are needed. 相似文献
53.
Hartmut H. Hellmer Monika Rhein Günther Heinemann Janna Abalichin Wafa Abouchami Oliver Baars Ulrich Cubasch Klaus Dethloff Lars Ebner Eberhard Fahrbach Martin Frank Gereon Gollan Richard J. Greatbatch Jens Grieger Vladimir M. Gryanik Micha Gryschka Judith Hauck Mario Hoppema Oliver Huhn Torsten Kanzow Boris P. Koch Gert König-Langlo Ulrike Langematz Gregor C. Leckebusch Christof Lüpkes Stephan Paul Annette Rinke Bjoern Rost Michiel Rutgers van der Loeff Michael Schröder Gunther Seckmeyer Torben Stichel Volker Strass Ralph Timmermann Scarlett Trimborn Uwe Ulbrich Celia Venchiarutti Ulrike Wacker Sascha Willmes Dieter Wolf-Gladrow 《Ocean Dynamics》2016,66(11):1379-1413
54.
The purpose of this study was to determine how vertical accretion rates in marshes vary through the millennia. Peat cores
were collected in remnant and drained marshes in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta of California. Cubic smooth spline regression
models were used to construct age–depth models and accretion histories for three remnant marshes. Estimated vertical accretion
rates at these sites range from 0.03 to 0.49 cm year−1. The mean contribution of organic matter to soil volume at the remnant marsh sites is generally stable (4.73% to 6.94%),
whereas the mean contribution of inorganic matter to soil volume has greater temporal variability (1.40% to 7.92%). The hydrogeomorphic
position of each marsh largely determines the inorganic content of peat. Currently, the remnant marshes are keeping pace with
sea level rise, but this balance may shift for at least one of the sites under future sea level rise scenarios. 相似文献
55.
The effects of persistent organic pollutants on the aquatic environment still can hardly be assessed. Therefore, ready biodegradability is a desired key characteristic of chemicals. Accordingly, biodegradation testing is of utmost importance and is a vital part within the risk assessment for organic chemicals. In the closed bottle test (CBT; OECD 301D) the degree of biological degradation of a chemical is assessed by monitoring the oxygen consumption so far with a Clark electrode as standard method. However, this method is time‐consuming, laborious and led to frequent fluctuations of the test results, which limited their validity. Due to these shortcomings, an optical system that enables contact‐free measuring of the oxygen concentration in a closed bottle, based on dynamic luminescence quenching, was examined. The test results were compared to those obtained with the “classical” electrochemical technique (Clark electrode). At first, a basic standard for the handling of the new instrument in the laboratory was developed. Then possible influencing factors, reliability, comparability, and reproducibility of the test results were investigated by running the CBTs in parallel with the electrode and optode method. The findings proved the new optode method to be unambiguously superior to the electrode technique. The frequency of fluctuations of the test results and time and effort necessary for the test run could considerably be reduced. The degradation kinetics of the test substances could be followed easily in the CBT by increasing the measuring points without much additional effort. 相似文献
56.
Judith Curry 《Climatic change》2011,108(4):723-732
This paper argues that the IPCC has oversimplified the issue of uncertainty in its Assessment Reports, which can lead to misleading
overconfidence. A concerted effort by the IPCC is needed to identify better ways of framing the climate change problem, explore
and characterize uncertainty, reason about uncertainty in the context of evidence-based logical hierarchies, and eliminate
bias from the consensus building process itself. 相似文献
57.
58.
The Manh Vu Jean Sulem Didier Subrin Nathalie Monin Judith Lascols 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(2):231-246
In this paper, we analyse the convergence measurements recorded in a gallery excavated in severely squeezing ground. The procedure consists in a preliminary geometrical treatment of the raw data to evaluate the principal axes of deformation by assuming an elliptic deformation of the walls of the gallery. Then the convergence law proposed by Sulem et al. (Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 24(3):145–154, 1987a), which is extended to account for anisotropic closure, is fitted on the displacements along the two axes of the obtained ellipse. This procedure is more robust and relevant than fitting the convergence recorded on the most deforming segment or fitting the average value of the convergence along the various segments. An attempt is made to correlate the amount and the direction of anisotropic deformation with the lithology and some geological features described by the dominant discontinuity families. 相似文献
59.
Trace-element study and age dating of zircon from chromitites of the Bushveld Complex (South Africa)
Marina Yudovskaya Judith Kinnaird Anthony J. Naldrett Nickolay Rodionov Anton Antonov Sergey Simakin Dmitry Kuzmin 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,107(6):915-942
The layered Bushveld Complex hosts a number of chromitite layers, which were found to contain significant amounts of zircon grains compared with adjacent silicate rocks. Cathodoluminescent-dark, partially metamict cores and transparent rims of composite zircon grains were analyzed for trace elements with SIMS and LA-ICPMS techniques. The cores are enriched in REE, Y, Th and U and are characterized by distinctly flatter REE patterns in contrast to those of the rims and transparent homogenous crystals. Zircon from the different stratigraphic units has specific Th/U ratios, the highest of which (1.5–4) occurs in a Merensky Reef zircon core. The Ti content of Bushveld zircon ranges from 12 to 52 ppm correlating to a crystallization temperature range of 760–930 °C. The geochemical characteristics of the first zircon generation are consistent with its high-temperature crystallization as the first major U, Th and REE acceptor from a highly-evolved residue of the high-Mg basalt magma, whereas the rims and coreless crystals have crystallized from percolating intercumulus liquid of new influx of the same magma. U-Pb SHRIMP dating of zircon cores and rims does not reveal a distinguishable difference between their ages indicating the absence of inherited zircon. Concordia ages of 2,051?±?9 Ma (2σ, MSWD?=?0.1) and 2,056?±?5 Ma (2σ, MSWD?=?0.05) for zircons from the Merensky Reef and the Upper Platreef located equally near the top of the Critical Zone are in agreement with published ages for the Merensky Reef. Zircon from the deeper-seated Lower Group, Middle Group and Lower Platreef chromitites yields younger concordia ages that may reflect prolonged late-stage volatile activity. 相似文献
60.