The magnetic effects of brecciation and shock in meteorites: III. The achondrites     

Aviva Brecher  Miriam Fuhrman  Judy Stein 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1979,20(3):265-279

We present results of a magnetic survey of achondritic meteorites, representing the aubrites (A), diogenites (D), Irowardites (H), and eucrites (E) groups and relate their magnetic behavior to respective class characteristics and models of origin.Magnetic susceptibility (x) values cluster well within each group and decrease systematically between groups (from 2 to 0.1×10^–3GOe^–1 cm^–3), with the average metal contents, (from 1 to <0.1 wt%) in the above order. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) values range broadly within each group, but group averages decrease roughly as above. However, the considerable within-sample and intra-group variability in NRM level and its demagnetization characteristics attest to inhomogeneous and localized brecciation effects. Although petrological-chemical studies resolve a primary component of magmatic differentiation on the planetoid of origin, no clear magnetic record of such event has been preserved. The magnetization of achondrites is mainly the product of their complex, multi-stage impact brecciation and metamorphism history, in accord with other lines of evidence.The magnetic behavior of achondrites is remarkably similar to that characteristic of lunar breccias and impact-melt rocks and reinforces their analogous mode of genesis, as brought out by chemical and petrographic analyses.  相似文献   

Integrating the effects of flood experience on risk perception with responses to changing climate risk     

Judy Lawrence  Dorothee Quade  Julia Becker 《Natural Hazards》2014,74(3):1773-1794

Flood management decision-makers face significant challenges as the climate changes. The perceptions of those affected by floods are critical to the successful implementation of adaptation responses; risk perceptions are affected by how information is communicated and, in turn, perceptions influence expectations on flood risk managers to respond. The links between flood experience, risk perception, and responses by individual households were examined in the Hutt Valley, New Zealand, through a household survey, a workshop and interviews with local government practitioners. Two propositions were tested: (1) that flood experience can influence flood risk perceptions; and (2) that flood experience can stimulate increased risk reduction and adaptation actions where changing climate risk is likely. Perceptions of responsibility for flood management were also examined. The study found that previous flood experience contributes to heightened perception of risk, increased preparedness of households, greater willingness to make household-level changes, greater communication with councils, and more advocacy for spatial planning to complement existing structural protection. Flood-affected households had a stronger preference for central government and communities having flood risk responsibilities, in addition to local government. Those who lacked experience were more likely to be normalised to their prior benign experiences and thus optimistic about flood consequences. These results suggest that harnessing positive aspects of experience and communication of changing risk through engagement strategies could help shift the focus from citizens’ expectation that governments will always provide protection, to a citizen–local government–central government dialogue about the changing character of flood risk and its implications, and build a ‘risk conscious’ society in which ‘sharing and bearing’ is considered desirable.  相似文献   

Towards good governance of urban greening: insights from four initiatives in Melbourne,Australia     

Brian Coffey  Judy Bush  Laura Mumaw  Lisa de Kleyn  Casey Furlong  Raven Cretney 《The Australian geographer》2020,51(2):189-204

ABSTRACT

Urban greening can enhance sustainability and liveability, through conserving biodiversity, mitigating urban heat and enhancing people’s health and wellbeing. However, urban greening is complex, as it occurs in unique ecological settings, with social, cultural and economic factors shaping the forms it takes. This raises questions about the governance of urban greening, including what counts as ‘good governance’. In this paper, we first outline principles of good governance drawn from the natural resource management context. We then present four urban greening initiatives from Melbourne Australia representing different scales, land tenures and organising structures. Following this, we analyse how governance of the four initiatives addresses good governance principles. Our analysis shows that there are diverse ways in which urban greening can be practiced and governed. The importance of more ‘informal’ initiatives should not be discounted relative to formalised initiatives, as a spectrum of approaches can be seen as strength. Further, in determining what constitutes good governance, the standards against which initiatives are assessed should be tailored to their specific circumstances, and consider impacts to the environment itself. These findings point to good urban greening governance being both situated and principled.  相似文献   

Bias in the analysis of geological materials for gold using current methods, by G.E.M. Hall et al.     

G.E.M. Hall  J.E. Vaive 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1992,42(2-3)

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The magnetic effects of brecciation and shock in meteorites: I. The Ll-chondrites     

Aviva Brecher  Judy Stein  Miriam Fuhrman 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1977,17(3):205-216

The complex brecciation and shock history of amphoterite (LL-) chondrites is well reflected in their diverse natural magnetic remanence (NRM) behavior: Most LL-chondrites have a multicomponent, undemagnetizable NRM, analogous to that of lunar breccias. Only one meteorite among those studied, namely Dhurmsala (LL6), meets the criteria of NRM stability and directional coherence with progressive AF cleaning, indicative of a useful paleoremanence. Ancient field paleointensity determinations for Dhurmsala (LL6) of 0.03 and 0.1 Oe, agree well with our earlier estimates of 0.01 and 0.08 Oe for the LL6 Jelica and Vavilovka, respectively. In light of their petrographic structure, cooling rates, radiometric ages and shock indicators, it appears likely that the NRM may have been thermally imprinted, during cooling following shock-metamorphism. The closely similar saturation remanence (IRM_s) behavior for LL-chondrites, in contrast to the intragroup scatter in NRM characteristics, implies that - although formed by similar process from the same starting material, - the LL-chondrites have suffered widely different degrees of shock/metamorphic reheating.  相似文献   

Rear-arc vs. arc-front volcanoes in the Katmai reach of the Alaska Peninsula: a critical appraisal of across-arc compositional variation     

Hildreth  Wes  Fierstein  Judy  Siems  David F.  Budahn  James R.  Ruíz  Joaquin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2004,147(3):243-275

Physical and compositional data and K-Ar ages are reported for 14 rear-arc volcanoes that lie 11–22 km behind the narrowly linear volcanic front defined by the Mount Katmai-to-Devils Desk chain on the Alaska Peninsula. One is a 30-km³ stratocone (Mount Griggs; 51–63% SiO₂) active intermittently from 292 ka to Holocene. The others are monogenetic cones, domes, lava flows, plugs, and maars, of which 12 were previously unnamed and unstudied; they include seven basalts (48–52% SiO₂), four mafic andesites (53–55% SiO₂), and three andesite-dacite units. Six erupted in the interval 500–88 ka, one historically in 1977, and five in the interval 3–2 Ma. No migration of the volcanic front is discernible since the late Miocene, so even the older units erupted well behind the front. Discussion explores the significance of the volcanic front and the processes that influence compositional overlaps and differences among mafic products of the rear-arc volcanoes and of the several arc-front edifices nearby. The latter have together erupted a magma volume of about 200 km³, at least four times that of all rear-arc products combined. Correlation of Sr-isotope ratios with indices of fractionation indicates crustal contributions in volcanic-front magmas (0.7033–0.7038), but lack of such trends among the rear-arc units (0.70298–0.70356) suggests weaker and less systematic crustal influence. Slab contributions and mantle partial-melt fractions both appear to decline behind the front, but neither trend is crisp and unambiguous. No intraplate mantle contribution is recognized nor is any systematic across-arc difference in intrinsic mantle-wedge source fertility discerned. Both rear-arc and arc-front basalts apparently issued from fluxing of typically fertile NMORB-source mantle beneath the Peninsular terrane, which docked here in the Mesozoic.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material.Editorial responsibility: T.L. Grove  相似文献   

Mobilization of gold into lake sediments from acid and alkaline mineralized environments in the southern Canadian Shield: Gold in lake sediments and natural waters     

H. Rolf Schmitt  Eion M. Cameron  Gwendy E.M. Hall  Judy Vaive 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1993,48(3)

To be an effective indicator of mineralization in lake sediment surveys within the Canadian Shield, it is desirable that an element migrate in solution or adsorbed on suspensates. Given the low relief and disorganized drainage patterns of this region, dispersal in clastic form in drainage systems is limited and gives rise to erratic distributions. The purpose of this study was to discover whether Au shows significant hydromorphic mobility, which would justify the increasing use that is being made of this element in lake sediments as an indicator for gold mineralization.Waters and lake sediments were collected from Napier Lake, Ontario; PAP Lake, Saskatchewan; and Foster Lake, Manitoba, all of which contain Au-quartz vein mineralization and lie within the glaciated boreal forest zone of the Canadian Shield. In all three areas, profundal lake sediments down-drainage of mineralization contain Au concentrations higher than regional mean concentrations. Significant dissolution and transport of Au was found under oxidizing conditions associated with waters with pH that varied from acid to alkaline. Waters from drill holes penetrating mineralization contain up to 401 ng L⁻¹ Au (note; 1 ng L⁻¹ is equivalent to 1 part per trillion, 10⁻¹²). Surface waters overlying or near mineralization collected from bogs, seeps, ponds and streams contain up to 13 ng L⁻¹. The content of Au in lake waters is lower, with a maximum of 1.1 ng L⁻¹. There is also a detectable quantity of Au present in suspensates. Two samples of particulates (> 1 μm) filtered from lake water have Au equivalent to 0.17 ng L⁻¹ and 0.039 ng L⁻¹. While the contents of Au present in solution or as suspensates in lake and stream water are relatively small, they are sufficient, if precipitated, to generate anomalies in lake sediments. Thus for Reservoir Lake, in the Foster Lake area, water from the principal stream entering the lake carries 0.3 ng L⁻¹ Au. This provides an annual flux which far exceeds that required to generate the 7.3 ppb Au contained in profundal sediments of this lake; a content that is anomalous relative to the regional median content of < 1 ppb Au for lake sediments.Hydrogeochemical prospecting involving analysis for Au is one method for tracing the source of anomalous Au in lake sediments. Collection of 1 L samples without field treatment, followed by extraction of Au into MIBK, then analysis by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, permits detection levels for Au of 0.5 ng L⁻¹. This is below the contents of Au found in some waters from mineralized areas. A detection limit of 0.3 ng L⁻¹ was obtained using larger water samples.  相似文献   

Explosive eruptive record in the Katmai region,Alaska Peninsula: an overview     

Judy Fierstein 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2007,69(5):469-509

At least 15 explosive eruptions from the Katmai cluster of volcanoes and another nine from other volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula are preserved as tephra layers in syn- and post-glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) loess and soil sections in Katmai National Park, AK. About 400 tephra samples from 150 measured sections have been collected between Kaguyak volcano and Mount Martin and from Shelikof Strait to Bristol Bay (∼8,500 km²). Five tephra layers are distinctive and widespread enough to be used as marker horizons in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes area, and 140 radiocarbon dates on enclosing soils have established a time framework for entire soil–tephra sections to 10 ka; the white rhyolitic ash from the 1912 plinian eruption of Novarupta caps almost all sections. Stratigraphy, distribution and tephra characteristics have been combined with microprobe analyses of glass and Fe–Ti oxide minerals to correlate ash layers with their source vents. Microprobe analyses (typically 20–50 analyses per glass or oxide sample) commonly show oxide compositions to be more definitive than glass in distinguishing one tephra from another; oxides from the Kaguyak caldera-forming event are so compositionally coherent that they have been used as internal standards throughout this study. Other than the Novarupta and Trident eruptions of the last century, the youngest locally derived tephra is associated with emplacement of the Snowy Mountain summit dome (<250 ¹⁴C years B.P.). East Mageik has erupted most frequently during Holocene time with seven explosive events (9,400 to 2,400 ¹⁴C years B.P.) preserved as tephra layers. Mount Martin erupted entirely during the Holocene, with lava coulees (>6 ka), two tephras (∼3,700 and ∼2,700 ¹⁴C years B.P.), and a summit scoria cone with a crater still steaming today. Mount Katmai has three times produced very large explosive plinian to sub-plinian events (in 1912; 12–16 ka; and 23 ka) and many smaller pyroclastic deposits show that explosive activity has long been common there. Mount Griggs, fumarolically active and moderately productive during postglacial time (mostly andesitic lavas), has three nested summit craters, two of which are on top of a Holocene central cone. Only one ash has been found that is (tentatively) correlated with the most recent eruptive activity on Griggs (<3,460 ¹⁴C years B.P.). Eruptions from other volcanoes NE and SW beyond the Katmai cluster represented in this area include: (1) coignimbrite ash from Kaguyak’s caldera-forming event (5,800 ¹⁴C years B.P.); (2) the climactic event from Fisher caldera (∼9,100 ¹⁴C years B.P.—tentatively correlated); (3) at least three eruptions most likely from Mount Peulik (∼700, ∼7,700 and ∼8,500 ¹⁴C years B.P.); and (4) a phreatic fallout most likely from the Gas Rocks (∼2,300 ¹⁴C years B.P.). Most of the radiocarbon dating has been done on loess, soil and peat enclosing this tephra. Ash correlations supported by stratigraphy and microprobe data are combined with radiocarbon dating to show that variably organics-bearing substrates can provide reliable limiting ages for ash layers, especially when data for several sites is available.  相似文献   

Nitrate levels in subsurface waters of the Waimea Plain,Nelson     

D.J. Stanton  Judy L. Martin 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):305-309

In 1969–72, nitrate determinations were made on waters from 122 wells on the Waimea Plain, Nelson, South Island, New Zealand. Four wells showed values above 30 mg NO3‐N/litre with a maximum of 50 mg/litre in one well, fifteen were in the 30–20 mg/litre range, forty‐six were between 20 mg and 10 mg/litre; fifty‐seven were below 10 mg/litre, and in only four wells was the nitrate concentration below 1.0 mg NO3‐N/litre. Where it entered the plain, the Wairoa River usually contained about 0.07 mg NO3‐N/litre, whereas the Waiiti River contained from 0.5 to 2.0 mg NO3‐N/litre.

Mapping of gradients of nitrate level indicated that these might contribute to aquifer definition and to sources of replenishing waters.  相似文献   

Bridging the Divide—A Reply to Mitchell and Peet     

Judy Walton 《The Professional geographer》1996,48(1):98-100

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