BAVARIAN LEAVENWORTH AND THE SYMBOLIC ECONOMY OF A THEME TOWN     

Stephen Frenkel  Judy Walton 《Geographical review》2000,90(4):559-584

ABSTRACT. Theme towns are an often‐overlooked but significant form of tourism in rural areas. Many a small town across the United States, faced with a declining resource‐based economy, has turned to “theming” as an economic‐development strategy. In hopes of creating an alluring landscape, the built environment is radically transformed, and a variety of invented traditions are instituted. This article explores one such place‐Leavenworth, Washington‐that “went Bavarian” in the 1960s and is widely viewed as a success story. We examine four interrelated concepts that produce the symbolic economy of Leavenworth: emulation of other theme towns, authenticity, visual difference, and place marketing. After discussing each, we turn to the questions of how residents are affected by tourism and what it is like to live in Leavenworth.  相似文献   

Submillennial environmental fluctuations during marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 2: a comparative analysis of diatom and pollen evidence from Lago Grande di Monticchio,South Italy     

Anja P. Nimmergut  Judy R. M. Allen  Viv J. Jones  Brian Huntley  Richard W. Battarbee 《第四纪科学杂志》1999,14(2):111-123

High temporal resolution pollen and diatom analyses carried out on sediments from Lago Grande di Monticchio span the interval 23 700–21 200 calendar yr. BP, a brief interstadial during marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 2. Both records exhibit marked changes that are interpreted as responses to climatic changes. The diatoms and terrestrial vegetation appear to respond at the same time; any relative lag in the response of the vegetation was less than the ca. 60 yr resolution of the two records. The interval coincides, at least in part, with the Campo Imperatore Stade, when the Gran Sasso ice sheet reached its maximum extent and water level was high in the Fucino Lake. Correlation of the marked environmental oscillation with one of the Dansgaard–Oeschger Events recorded by stable oxygen isotope records from the Greenland ice–cap is proposed. This follows an interval interpreted as having a cold dry climate and correlated with a Heinrich Event in the North Atlantic. Together the two records enable a multifactorial interpretation of the palaeoclimate changes that characterise the oscillation, providing additional insight to that obtained from studies of ice and ocean‐sediment cores, especially with respect to the seasonality of temperature and precipitation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Fitting and evaluation of height-diameter models for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alnus japonica</Emphasis> in La Trinidad,Benguet, Philippines     

Kamae P. Anacioco  Judy Ann L. Gorio  Mary Relia S. Padsico  Roscinto Ian C. Lumbres  Nova D. Doyog  Young Jin Lee 《山地科学学报》2018,15(11):2422-2432

The study was conducted to develop height-diameter at breast height (HT-DBH) models for Alnus japonica in La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines and evaluate their predictive capability. The six widely used nonlinear growth models that were selected in this study were the Chapman-Richards, Schnute, Modified logistic, Korf/Lundqvist, Weibull and Exponential. A total of 208 Alnus japonica trees were measured using standard diameter tape for DBH (1.3 m above the ground) and Vertex and transponder was used for the total height measurement. The performance of the developed models were evaluated using the fit statistics including coefficient of determination (R²), root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias (ē), absolute mean difference (AMD), and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The lack-of-fit statistics was also performed for further evaluation of the performance of the models. Based on the evaluation criteria, all six models were able to determine the DBH-height relationships and fitted the data well. Using the rank analysis, the Weibull HT-DBH model had the best performance among the six commonly used nonlinear growth models. The results of this study will help forest managers especially in La Trinidad, Benguet to easily predict the total height using the Weibull model for Alnus japonica utilizing the DBH as the predicting variable.  相似文献   

The stable isotopic evolution of a metamorphic complex,Naxos, Greece     

Judy Baker  Alan Matthews 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,120(3-4):391-403

A detailed study of the stable isotope composition of pelites, amphibolites and marbles from the M2 metamorphic complex on Naxos is presented. The low grade rocks of this metamorphic complex have isotopic compositions typical of metasedimentary rocks whilst those at high grades have values typical of igneous rocks. The isotopic compositions of rocks at intermediate grades vary smoothly between these two end-members. This variation is shown to result from the superimposition of at least two fluid flow events on a pre-existing isotopic gradient. The contrast between the observed seemingly simple mixing trend and the complexity of the isotopic history of these rocks has important implications for quantitative studies of fluidrock interactions.  相似文献   

The Effect of Latex Gloves and Nylon Cord on Ground Water Sample Quality     

Judy L. Canova  Michael G. Muthig 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1991,11(3):98-103

Eighteen sites in South Carolina under investigation by the Superfund program were sampled to determine ambient ground water quality. Samples from 11 of 15 monitoring wells sampled with a bailer contained either caprolactam or Santowhite® (a registered trademark of the Monsanto Co.) or both organic compounds. A maximum of 540 μg/L of caprolactam and 780 μg/L of Santowhite was observed in the samples from the monitoring wells. None of the samples collected using dedicated submersible pumps at 28 other wells contained either compound.
Caprolactam is used in the manufacturing of nylon cord, and Santowhite is used as an antioxidant in latex gloves. Therefore, it was suspected that the nylon cord used to raise and lower the bailer and the latex gloves that were worn during sampling may have contributed the caprolactam and Santowhite to the sample.
An experiment using pH-adjusted distilled water and private well water revealed that the nylon cord and the latex gloves may contribute contaminants to ground water samples. Research is needed into the potential for caprolactam and Santowhite to interfere with laboratory analyses in addition to the potential for absorption of contaminants by nylon cord. Until additional information is available, alternative materials or sampling techniques should be considered to minimize the potential impact of nylon cord and latex gloves on the quality of bailed samples.  相似文献   

Evapotranspiration rates and crop coefficients for a restored marsh in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta,California, USA     

Judy Z. Drexler  Frank E. Anderson  Richard L. Snyder 《水文研究》2008,22(6):725-735

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Effect of the 1997–1998 ENSO-related drought on hydrology and salinity in a micronesian wetland complex     

Judy Z. Drexler  Katherine C. Ewel 《Estuaries and Coasts》2001,24(3):347-356

The potential effects of global climate change on coastal ecosystems have attracted considerable attention, but the impacts of shorter-term climate perturbations such as ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) are lesser known. In this study, we determined the effects of the 1997–1998 ENSO-related drought on the hydrology and salinity of a Micronesian mangrove ecosystem and an adjacent freshwater swamp. A network of 9 piezometer clusters installed at the study site served as sampling points for continuous and manual measurements of salinity and water level. During the drought period from January through April 1998, mean water table levels in the mangroves and freshwater swamp were approximately 12 and 54 cm lower, respectively, than during May through December when precipitation returned to near normal levels. At the peak of the drought (February 1998), the most dramatic result was a reversal in groundwater flow that sent groundwater from the mangroves upstream toward the freshwater swamp. Flow nets constructed for this period and immediately after illustrate the strong hydrological linkage between the two systems. This linkage was also illustrated by measurements of groundwater salinity in the piezometer network. Ninety-six percent of the salinity measurements taken in the mangroves during the study were at least 10‰ less than the salinity of sea water, indicating that the mangroves were consistently receiving freshwater flows. An analysis of variance of groundwater salinity measurements during and after the drought showed that salinity levels in the 0.5 and 1.0 m depth piezometers were greater during than after the drought. In a comparison of salinity values in 0.5-m wells during low tide, mean salinity was approximately twice as high during the drought than after (14.7‰ versus 6.2‰, respectively). This study demonstrates that short-term climate perturbations such as ENSO can disrupt important coastal processes. Over repeated drought cycles, such perturbations have the potential to affect the structure and function of mangrove forests and upstream ecosystems.  相似文献   

Detection of past underground nuclear events by geochemical signatures in soils     

Gwendy E.M. Hall  Judy E. Vaive  Peter Button 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1997,59(3):145-162

This paper describes a research program to determine if a geochemical signature is retained in surface and sub-surface soils over a well-contained underground nuclear explosion. Samples of soil at surface and about 10–15 cm below were collected on orthogonal traverses up to about 1 km from ground zero (GZ, surface projection of blast point) at three locations in central (Ville) and southern Yucca Flat (Laredo and Presidio) on the Nevada Test Site (NTS). They were analyzed for total element content by instrumental neutron activation (INAA) and, using selective leaches, for partial element content, namely that amount bound to amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide and that amount bound to Mn oxide. Forty-two elements were determined in these leaches of both surface and sub-surface soils, by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ICP emission spectrometry (ICP-ES) and hydride generation quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-QTAAS). These partial leaches were chosen on the premise that the extreme temperature and pressure conditions created by an underground blast would volatilize elements in the surrounding rock and transport them along with fission products to the surface where they would be trapped by these phases in the soil. The INAA data generally show consistent concentrations of major, minor and trace elements within each location. In contrast, the selective leach data show distinct geochemical anomalies in numerous elements. Iodine, As, Mo, and U demonstrate particularly consistent positive anomalies at and around GZ at all three locations by both leaches. The amplitudes of these anomalies can exceed two orders of magnitude over background, particularly for I. This positive response is shown by more elements associated with Mn oxide than associated with Fe oxyhydroxide at all three locations; furthermore these patterns are more coherent and intense for some elements. The Mn oxide phase itself is more consistently distributed than is the Fe oxyhydroxide phase at the sites within each location. In most cases, significant depletion of Fe as amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide coincides with the multiple positive anomalies in this phase. The number and group of elements displaying distinct patterns is dependent upon the location as well as on the leach. The concentration ranges of elements extracted from the Fe oxyhydroxide or Mn oxide phase are similar for sites at Laredo and Presidio but dissimilar from those at Ville, probably a reflection of the differing geological settings. Whereas some anomalies are spatially quite compact, extending only about 50 m from GZ (e.g. Rb, Cs, Th), others such as I and Sb extend up to 300 m. The geochemical behaviour of the surface soil samples, although slightly noisier, is similar to that of the sub-surface suite. These results indicate that analysis of specific geochemical phases in soils over a suspected underground nuclear test has an important role in the on-site inspection component of the verification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.  相似文献   

Another look at the calculation of fallout tephra volumes   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9  

Judy Fierstein  Manuel Nathenson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1992,54(2):156-167

The calculation of volumes of fallout tephra layers is difficult because of the nonlinear dependence of thickness on area and because of the extrapolations required at the vent and in distal regions. Calculation using the trapezoidal rule, straight lines on log-log plots of area versus thickness, straight lines on plots of log thickness versus area^1/2, and the crystal-concentration method are reviewed and the problems with each method discussed. The method using straight lines on plots of log thickness versus area^1/2 is the most geologically reasonable because most deposits thin exponentially from source and therefore plot as straight lines using these coordinates. Errors and uncertainties in previous derivations for using this method are discussed and more general formulas presented. The method is also used to gain perspective on the missing distal volumes calculated by the crystal-concentration method compared to those calculated based only on isopach data.  相似文献   

Marine institute in Israel     

Judy Carr 《Marine Policy》1978,2(1):68-71

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