ENSIP: the El Niño simulation intercomparison project     

M. Latif  K. Sperber  J. Arblaster  P. Braconnot  D. Chen  A. Colman  U. Cubasch  C. Cooper  P. Delecluse  D. Dewitt  L. Fairhead  G. Flato  T. Hogan  M. Ji  M. Kimoto  A. Kitoh  T. Knutson  H. Le Treut  T. Li  S. Manabe  O. Marti  C. Mechoso  G. Meehl  S. Power  E. Roeckner  J. Sirven  L. Terray  A. Vintzileos  R. Voß  B. Wang  W. Washington  I. Yoshikawa  J. Yu  S. Zebiak 《Climate Dynamics》2001,18(3-4):255-276

An ensemble of twenty four coupled ocean-atmosphere models has been compared with respect to their performance in the tropical Pacific. The coupled models span a large portion of the parameter space and differ in many respects. The intercomparison includes TOGA (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere)-type models consisting of high-resolution tropical ocean models and coarse-resolution global atmosphere models, coarse-resolution global coupled models, and a few global coupled models with high resolution in the equatorial region in their ocean components. The performance of the annual mean state, the seasonal cycle and the interannual variability are investigated. The primary quantity analysed is sea surface temperature (SST). Additionally, the evolution of interannual heat content variations in the tropical Pacific and the relationship between the interannual SST variations in the equatorial Pacific to fluctuations in the strength of the Indian summer monsoon are investigated. The results can be summarised as follows: almost all models (even those employing flux corrections) still have problems in simulating the SST climatology, although some improvements are found relative to earlier intercomparison studies. Only a few of the coupled models simulate the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in terms of gross equatorial SST anomalies realistically. In particular, many models overestimate the variability in the western equatorial Pacific and underestimate the SST variability in the east. The evolution of interannual heat content variations is similar to that observed in almost all models. Finally, the majority of the models show a strong connection between ENSO and the strength of the Indian summer monsoon.  相似文献   

Variations and Trends in Turkish Seasonal Heating and Cooling Degree-Days   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Mikdat Kadioğlu  Zekai Şen  Latif Gültekin 《Climatic change》2001,49(1-2):209-223

The potential effect of climate change on energy demand is important especially for the developing and non-oil-producing countries. Cooling and heating degree-day (CDD and HDD) concepts are among the most significant meteorological variables related to residential energy consumption. This paper presents the spatial and temporal characteristics of Turkish seasonal CDD and HDD in the context of climate change. CDD and HDD are defined objectively by truncation of the temperature series at any constant base temperature level. This leads to surpluses and deficits as deviations. The surpluses are instances for cooling and the deficits for heating. Depending on temperature fluctuations, the degree-day statistics at any location show local and seasonal variations. In this study, regional variations of seasonal HDD and CDD are mapped for Turkey and their relations to local topography and climatic features are examined with conclusive interpretations. The sequential version of Mann–Kendall rank statisticis applied to demonstrate any existence of possible non-linear trends in accumulated HDD and CDD over the seasons. Spatially coherent and statistically significant trends of HDD and CDD appear in some regions of Turkey. In general, the sign of the trends is inconsistent with General Circulation Models (GCM) predictions.  相似文献   

Functional relation of land surface albedo with climatological variables: a review on remote sensing techniques and recent research developments     

S.A. Salleh  Z. Abd Latif  W.M.N. Wan Mohd  A. Chan 《国际地球制图》2013,28(2):147-163

Surface albedo has been documented as one of the Essential Climate Variables (ECV) of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) that governs the Earth's Radiation Budget. The availability of surface albedo data is necessary for a comprehensive environmental modelling study. Thus, both temporal and spatial scale issues need to be rectified. This study reports about the availability of surface albedo data through in-situ and remote sensing satellite observations. In this paper, we reviewed the existing models for surface albedo derivation and various initiatives taken by related environmental agencies in order to understand the issues of climate with respect to surface albedo. This investigation evaluated the major activities on albedo-related research specifically for the retrieval methods used to derive the albedo values. Two main existing albedo measurement methods are derived through in-situ measurement and remotely sensed observations. In-situ measurement supported with number of instruments and techniques such aspyrheliometers, pyranometers and Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) and remotely sensed observations using angularly integrated Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) by both geostationary and polar orbit satellites. The investigation results reveals that the temporal and spatial scaling is the major issues when the albedo values are needed for microclimatic study, i.e. high-resolution time-series analyses and at heterogeneity and impervious surface. Thus, an improved technique of albedo retrieval at better spatial and temporal scale is required to fulfil the need for such kind of studies. Amongst many others, there are two downscaling methods that have been identified to be used in resolving the spatial scaling biased issues: Smoothing Filter-based Intensity Modulation (SFIM) and Pixel Block Intensity Modulation (PBIM). The temporal issues can be resolved using the multiple regression techniques of land surface temperature, selected air quality parameters, aerosol and daily skylight.  相似文献   

Effects of urbanization on stream hydrology and water quality: the Florida Gulf Coast     

R. Chelsea Nagy  B. Graeme Lockaby  Latif Kalin  Chris Anderson 《水文研究》2012,26(13):2019-2030

At the global scale, the population density of coastal areas is nearly three times that of inland areas, and consequently, land development represents a threat to coastal ecosystems. It is critical to understand how increasing urbanization affects coastal watersheds. To that end, the objective of this study was to examine the influence of urban development on stream water quality and hydrology in a coastal setting, a scenario that has received less attention than other physiographic regions. Stream hydrologic, physicochemical, and microbial data were collected in watersheds near Apalachicola, Florida with a range of impervious surfaces from 0 to 15%. Watersheds with greater impervious cover exhibited higher pH, specific conductance, and temperature, elevated nutrient concentrations and loads (, and total phosphorus), higher bacterial concentrations (fecal coliform and Escherichia coli), and increased maximum flow and hydrograph flashiness. Different responses to development here compared to other physiographic regions included lower total suspended solid concentrations, higher total dissolved solid concentrations, and a lack of response of base flow to increased urbanization. Additionally, Na⁺ and Cl^? concentrations were elevated to a greater extent than is often the case in non‐coastal areas. In the coming years, urban development is projected to increase substantially in coastal zones and thus there is risk of further stream degradation in coastal watersheds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

光合作用生物膜建造的凝块:来自于辽东半岛芙蓉统长山组凝块石生物丘中的一些证据          下载免费PDF全文

梅冥相  Khalid Latif  刘丽  孟庆芬 《古地理学报》2019,21(2):254-277

作为一种以非纹层状组构而区别于叠层石的微生物碳酸盐岩类型,中凝块(mesoclots)是产生凝块石凝块组构关键的微结构。构成这种中凝块的离散性凝块状泥晶,似乎代表了细胞外聚合物质(EPS)复杂的钙化作用,但是,由于常常缺乏直接的微生物证据,造成其所涉及的准确成因和特殊过程还不太清楚。在辽东半岛大连金州湾和本溪田师傅剖面芙蓉统下部的长山组顶部,发育较为典型的凝块石生物丘,组成三级层序的强迫型海退体系域沉积,代表着较为壮观的沉积学现象;在这些凝块石生物丘中,毫米级别大小的暗色离散性凝块状泥晶是其最为基本的沉积组构,而且在这些凝块之中以较高密度保存的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石反映的微生物构成,意味着它们具有明显的光合作用生物膜成因。尽管穿越成岩作用过滤器去解释古代凝块石复杂的形成机理将存在着巨大的挑战,也尽管形成这些凝块石复杂的生物膜钙化作用细节需要更加深入的研究才能得到更好的了解,但是,辽东半岛芙蓉统长山组的凝块石,尤其是在凝块内较为丰富的钙化蓝细菌鞘化石所表征的直接的微生物活动证据,使其成为一个了解光合作用生物膜建造凝块的典型实例;再者,与凝块共生的三叶虫化石、底栖鲕粒和皮壳粒,以及围绕着这些多样化颗粒特别的放射纤维状方解石结壳,说明这些凝块石可能属于较厚的微生物席内多重状生物膜以及构成这些微生物席和微生物膜的细胞外聚合物质复杂的钙化作用建造物。  相似文献   

寒武系张夏组鲕粒滩中微生物碳酸盐岩主导的生物丘：以河北秦皇岛驻操营剖面为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

梅冥相  Khalid Latif  孟庆芬  胡媛 《地质学报》2019,93(1):227-251

华北地台的寒武系苗岭统,大致包括毛庄组、徐庄组、张夏组和崮山组,这些组分别组成相应的三级沉积层序,在它们的顶部集中发育着鲕粒滩相灰岩而构成强迫型海退沉积,成为时间特化的相,代表着鲕粒主导的特别的寒武纪碳酸盐岩台地类型,表现在浅海陆架中大面积分布鲕粒滩,而且在这样的鲕粒滩中生长和发育着微生物碳酸盐岩主导的生物丘;河北省秦皇岛市驻操营剖面的张夏组上部鲕粒滩相灰岩中的生物丘正是上述现象最为典型的代表。虽然类似的现象曾经被描述为"藻坪"沉积,或者笼统地归为"微生物礁",但是,河北省秦皇岛市驻操营剖面的张夏组上部鲕粒滩相灰岩中的生物丘,以下现象不但将其特征化而且代表着壮观的沉积学现象:(1)在强迫型海退体系域的下部与鲕粒滩相灰岩交互产出的主要是柱状叠层石生物丘;(2)在张夏组顶部则以集中产出的均一石和树形石生物丘为特征;(3)下部的柱状叠层石生物丘中主要包括石松藻(Lithocodium)-孢网菌(Bacinella)状组构的钙化蓝细菌;(4)在上部集中产出的均一石与树形石生物丘,则发育着丝状钙化蓝细菌、基座菌(Hedstroemia)和附枝菌(Epiphyton)之类的多样化的钙化蓝细菌。由于石松藻(Lithocodium)-孢网菌(Bacinella)状组构的钙化蓝细菌是一种灭绝了的浅海生命形式,而且是不知道分类位置归属的生命形式,尤其是石松藻(Lithocodium)状组构近年来在寒武纪微生物碳酸盐岩研究中多被解释为"硅质海绵骨针的网状物"或"非骨针角质海绵骨骼纤维",再考虑到均一石自从命名以来很少描述在古老的地层记录之中,因此,驻操营剖面张夏组上部多样化微生物碳酸盐岩所主导的生物丘,以及生物丘中特别而且多样的钙化蓝细菌化石构成,为了解蓝细菌主导的光合作用微生物席复杂的钙化作用形成微生物碳酸盐岩提供了较为典型的实例。  相似文献   

Hydrologic simulation approach for El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-affected watershed with limited raingauge stations     

Suresh Sharma  Puneet Srivastava  Xing Fang  Latif Kalin 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):991-1000

ABSTRACT

Since the performance of hydrological models relies on numerous factors, the selection of an appropriate modeling approach for hydrological study has always been a crucial issue. The major objective of this research is to demonstrate that data-driven models such as the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference system (ANFIS) are more suitable in a region where spatially distributed precipitation datasets are not available. Since precipitation has a teleconnection with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in different parts of the world, the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea level pressures (SLPs) of the equatorial Pacific can be expected to act as surrogates for the precipitation if there are insufficient raingauge stations in the watershed. Moreover, in contrast to conceptual and physically-based models, data driven models can incorporate SST and SLP in their input vectors, and hence additional forcing of SST with precipitation has been experimented with in past studies. Therefore, our second objective is to test whether the additional forcing of SST and SLP will improve the hydrologic simulation. For this, various ANFIS models for the winter season were developed considering 10 raingauge stations situated at various locations in the watershed. Rainfall from each raingauge station was considered in the ANFIS model one at a time with and without SST/SLP. The results show that the performance of the ANFIS model improved with the additional fusion of SST and SLP, especially when a raingauge station from a remote location was considered. However, this improvement was observed when the analysis was primarily focused on the winter season which is a period with a strong ENSO signal.