A friction damped base isolation system with fail-safe characteristics     

James M. Kelly  Karl E. Beucke 《地震工程与结构动力学》1983,11(1):33-56

An experimental study of a Coulomb friction damped aseismic base isolation system with fail-safe characteristics is described in this paper. The base isolation system utilized commercially made natural rubber bearings and a skid system which comes into operation at preset-levels of relative horizontal displacement between the structure and the foundation. The fail-safe skid provides hysteretic damping and prevents failure of the isolation system in the event of displacements larger than those assumed in the original design. The isolation system can be designed for an earthquake which can be reasonably expected within the lifetime of the structure; in the event of an earthquake of unanticipated intensity the failsafe system will prevent collapse of the structure. The testing of the system involved an 80,000lb model, approximately 1/3 scale to a real structure mounted on the 20′ × 20′ shaking table at EERC and subject to a variety of earthquake inputs. The results show that the hysteretic effect of the fail-safe system does not greatly increase the accelerations experienced by the structure but considerably reduces the relative displacements at the isolation bearings. The action of the fail-safe system was tested by using an earthquake input that produced a resonant response in the isolated mode of the model. The stability limit of the isolation system was exceeded and the bearings failed but complete failure of the isolation system and thus collapse of the model was prevented by the fail-safe system. The implementation of the system in full scale structures poses no technical or construction problems. An equivalent linearization technique was developed for this system for design purposes using response spectra. The accuracy of this approach was verified by comparison with the experimental results.  相似文献   

Human response to environmental change in the perspective of future, global climate   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Karl W. Butzer   《Quaternary Research》1983,19(3):279-292

Human response to severe environmental stress is conceived and implemented by individuals, but must be approved by the group. These decisions are made with respect to perceived circumstances. Societies are enmeshed within adaptive systems that provide a matrix of opportunities and constraints for a wide range of potential behavioral variability. Such systems repeatedly readjust to short-term crises, e.g., droughts, but persistent and severe environmental stress may require substantial revision of adaptive strategies. The Sahel drought of 1968–1973 is an example of a brief but severe crisis, recurring along the Saharan margins perhaps once every 30 years. Closer inspection shows links between intensified intertribal warfare and ecological stress in the lower Omo Valley. The decline of the Egyptian New Kingdom during the 12th century B.C., in response to economic stagnation, sociopolitical instability, dynastic weakness, foreign pressures, and poor Nile floods over 50–70 years, represents a more complex and fundamental modification, with systemic simplification lasting 450 years. Such insights can be applied to future, global climatic change due to increasing atmospheric CO₂. Simulation and paleoclimatic experience suggest a drier climate for the North American and Soviet breadbaskets, to threaten world food supplies at a time of maximum demographic pressures and declining resources. Public perception and remedial planning should receive the attention of Quaternary scientists, in order to preempt an involuntary, global, systemic simplification.  相似文献   

Parameterisation of the vertical transport in a small thermally stratified lake     

Christoph von Rohden  Karl Wunderle  Johann Ilmberger 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2007,69(1):129-137

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Spatial variability of water vapor turbulent transfer within the boundary layer     

D. I. Cooper  W. E. Eichinger  D. B. Holtkamp  R. R. Karl Jr.  C. R. Quick  W. Dugas  L. Hipps 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1992,61(4):389-406

Although the physics of evaporation within the inner region of the boundary layer is believed to be well understood, observations of mass-energy exchange processes have been hindered by the limitations of point sensors. A combination of point sensors and active remote sensing, namely, water-Raman Lidar measurements, offers new opportunities to study relatively large areas at temporal and spatial scales previously unattainable. Results from experiments over uniform canopies both confirm some traditional theories and challenge some of the underlying assumptions concerning the homogeneity of the surface-atmosphere interface and the use of point sensors to characterize large areas.This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. The authors would like to thank F. Archuleta, J. Archuleta, F. Barnes, W. Clements, K. Muller and W. Porch of LANL, R. Whitis of USDA, R. Jackson and P. Pinter of USDA-WCL, and L. Balick of EG&G for their invaluable time and support.  相似文献   

The role of wind direction in eolian transport on a narrow sandy beach     

Karl F. Nordstrom  Nancy L. Jackson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1993,18(8):675-685

Comparison of eolian transport during five high-velocity wind events over a 29 day period on a narrow estuarine beach in Delaware Bay, New Jersey, USA, reveals the temporal variability of transport, due to changes in direction of wind approach. Mean wind speed measured 6 m above the dune crest for the five events ranged from 8·5 to 15·9 ms^?1. Mean wind direction was oblique to the shoreline (63° from shore-normal) during one event but was within 14° of shore-normal during the other events. Eolian transport is greatest during low tide and rising tide, when the beach source area is widest and when drying of surface sediments occurs. The quantity of sediment caught in a vertical trap for the five events varied from a total of 0·07 to 113·73 kgm^?1. Differences in temperature, relative humidity and moisture and salt content of surficial sediments were slight. Mean grain sizes ranged from 0·33 to 0·58 mm, causing slight differences in threshold shear velocity, but shear velocities exceeded the threshold required for transport during all events. Beach width, measured normal to the shoreline, varied from 15·5 to 18·0 m; beach slope differed by 0·5°. The oblique wind during one event created a source width nearly double the width during other days. Beach slope, measured in the direction of the wind, was less than half as steep as the slope measured normal to the shoreline. The amount of sand trapped during the oblique wind was over 20 times greater than any other event, even those with higher shear velocities. The ability of the beach surface to supply grains to the air stream is limited on narrow beaches, but increased source width, due to oblique wind approach, can partially overcome limitations of surface conditions on the beach.  相似文献   

Method of the new measurements at potsdam by means of the reversible pendulum     

Karl Reicheneder 《Journal of Geodesy》1959,33(1):72

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Rezente und fossile Flachmeer-absätze petrologisch betrachtet und gedeutet     

Karl Gripp 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1958,47(1):83-99

Zusammenfassung Bei der Sedimentbildung im Flachmeer wird zwischen Kurzschweb (KS) im oberen durchbewegten Teil des Meeres und Langschweb (LS) des ruhigen Wassers unterschieden. Deren Grenze liegt je nach der Windwirkung zwischen 2,5 und 250 m Tiefe. Wechsel in der Größe klastischer Körner weist auf Änderung der Wasserbewegung, solcher des Kalkgehalts auf Klimaänderung hin.Bei sinkendem Meeresboden gibt es im KS-Bereich stets eine Zone, in der kontinuierlich so viel Sediment angehäuft wird, wie die Senkung beträgt. Da ohne Senkung der Absatz weiter verfrachtet würde, verdankt dies Sediment seine Entstehung der Senkung. Solch desidiertes Sediment wächst, bei gleichbleibender Tiefe des Wassers, nach unten, im Gegensatz zum ascendenten Sediment.Wo im KS-Bereich das Ausmaß von Senkung und Anhäufung gleich ist, entstehen erdgeschichtlich volldokumentäre Sedimente. Je schneller die Senkung, desto reicher und lesbarer der Inhalt. Im übrigen Teil des KS-Bereichs bedingen zahlreiche Unterbrechungen des Absatzes ein teildokumentäres Sediment. Im LS-Niederschlag fallen jene erdgeschichtlichen Ereignisse aus, die durch Wasserbewegung erkennbar werden. Da Bodenbewohner und Verdichtung die primäre Schichtung zerstören, bleibt ein erdgeschichtlich grobdokumentäres Sediment.Cyklische Sedimente entsprechen den volldokumentären.Aus den Sedimentations-Bedingungen in Ostsee, Nordsee, Mittelmeer und Golf de Gascogne werden zunächst Gesetzmäßigkeiten der Sediment-Bildung in der Flachsee abgeleitet. Daran anschließend soll versucht werden, fossile Flachsee-Ablagerungen zu deuten.Das Schrifttum, soweit nicht im Geologischen Institut Kiel vorhanden, durfte ich dankenswerterweise einsehen in den Büchereien des Instituts für Meereskunde Kiel und des Deutschen Hydrographischen Instituts Hamburg. Herrn Dr.Jarke vom letztgenannten Institut bin ich für Gedanken-Austausch und Hinweise zu besonderem Dank verpflichtet.  相似文献   

The range of validity of the equipotential ellipsoid and its significant mass configurations     

Karl Ledersteger 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1970,14(2):201-203

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Rubidium-Strontium-Altersbestimmungen an Biotit-Muskowit-Granitgneisen (Typus Augen- und Flasergneise) aus dem nördlichen Großvenedigerbereich (Hohe Tauern)     

Emilie Jäger  F. Karl  O. Schmidegg 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1969,13(3-4):251-272

Zusammenfassung An vier Proben aus dem Augen- und Flasergneiskomplex in Großvenedigergebiet (Hohe Tauern) wurden Rb–Sr-Altersbestimmungen durchgeführt. Die Biotit-Alterswerte lagen bei zirka 20 M. J. Sie sind der alpidischen Tauernkristallisation zuzuordnen. Eine Gesamtgesteinsisochrone von drei typischen Augen- und Flasergranitgneisen ergab 246 M. J. und wird als Bildungsalter eines magmatischen Granitkörpers interpretiert. Es muß daher zur Perm-Zeit in den westlichen Hohen Tauern ein ausgedehnter Granitmagmatismus angenommen werden. Auf die Schwierigkeiten, dieses Ereignis in das derzeitige geologische-Entstehungsbild einzuordnen, wurde hingewiesen.

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Rubidium-strontium age determinations on biotite-muscovite-gneisses (Augen-and Flaser-gneisses) from the Northern Grossvenediger region (Tauern, Austrian Alps)

Summary Rb–Sr ages were determined for 4 samples from the Augen- and Flaser-gneiss complex of the Grossvenediger region, Hohe Tauern, Austria. The biotite ages of 20 m. y. may be attributed to the Tauern-crystallization of Alpidic age. A total rock isochrone of 246 m. y. based on 3 typical Augen- and Flaser-granite gneisses is interpreted as the age of a granite body. Thus extensive granite magmatism is assumed to have prevailed in the western part of the Hohe Tauern during the Permian. There are, however, difficulties in correlating this event with the present picture of the geologic evolution in this region.

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Zur Stratigraphie der grobklastischen Fazies im Oxfordium des Wiehengebirges     

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schott  Dr. Karl Staesche 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1967,56(1):766-784

Zusammenfassung Der Fund vonPeltoceratoides instabiliformis n. sp. in Steinbrüchen am Gehn nordwestlich von Osnabrück (Abb. 3) liefert weitere Kriterien, daß der Wiehengebirgssandstein, dessen stratigraphische Stellung wegen Mangel charakteristischer Fossilien unsicher ist, ins höhere Oxfordium zu stellen ist. Diese grobklastische Fazies vertritt im Wiehengebirge im wesentlichen die für das Wesergebirge typische kalkige Fazies des Korallenooliths. Anschließend wird zu einer neueren paläogeographischen Mitteilung über den Korallenoolith Nordwestdeutschlands kurz Stellung genommen.

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In quarries at the Gehn NW of Osnabrück, several specimens ofPeltoceratoides instabiliformis n. sp. have been found. This gives further indications to the stratigraphic position of the Wiehengebirgs sandstone — which is uncertain, due to the lack of characteristic fossils — to be of Upper Oxfordian age. In the Wiehengebirge though, this coarse clastic facies substitutes to a large extent the calcareous facies of the Korallenoolith typical for the Wesergebirge.A recent paleogeographic report on the Korallenoolith of NW-Germany is then briefly discussed.

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Résumé LesPeltoceratoides instabiliformis n. sp. découverts dans des carrières du Gehn au nord-ouest d'Osnabrück fournissent d'autres indices affirmant que le grès du Wiehengebirge dont la position stratigraphique est incertaine faute de fossiles caractéristiques doit être attribué à l'Oxfordien supérieur. Dans le Wiehengebirge, ce faciès clastique à grain grossier remplace dans l'essentiel le faciès calcaire du Korallenoolith typique pour le Wesergebirge.Il suit une brève critique d'une communication paléogéographique récemment parue sur le Korallenoolith du Nord-Ouest de l'Allemagne.

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. Peltoceratoides instabiliformis n. sp. . . , . - .

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Herrn Professor Dr.Roland Brinkmann zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.  相似文献