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191.
Surface coal mining has altered land cover, near‐surface geologic structure, and hydrologic processes of large areas in central Appalachia, USA. These alterations are associated with changes in water quality such as elevated total‐dissolved solids, which is usually measured via its surrogate, specific conductance (SC). The SC of valley fill effluent streams is a function of fill construction methods, materials, and age; yet hydrologic studies that relate these variables to water quality are sparse due to the difficulty of conducting traditional hydrologic studies in mined landscapes. We used electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) to visualize the subsurface geologic structure and hydrologic flow paths within a valley fill. ERI is a noninvasive geophysical technique that maps spatiotemporal changes in resistivity of the subsurface. We paired ERI with artificial rainfall experiments to track infiltrated water as it moved through the valley fill. Results indicate that ERI can be used to identify subsurface geologic structure and track advancing wetting fronts or preferential flow paths. Our results suggest that the upper portion of the fill contains significant fines, whereas the deeper profile is primarily large rocks and void spaces. Water tended to pond on the surface of compacted areas until it reached preferential flow paths, where it appeared to infiltrate quickly down to >15 m depth in 75 min. ERI applications can improve understanding of how fill construction techniques influence subsurface water movement, and in turn may aid in the development of valley fill construction methods to reduce water quality effects.  相似文献   
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This study examines the forcing mechanisms driving long‐term carbonate accumulation and preservation in lacustrine sediments in Lake Iznik (north‐western Turkey) since the last glacial. Currently, carbonates precipitate during summer from the alkaline water column, and the sediments preserve aragonite and calcite. Based on X‐ray diffraction data, carbonate accumulation has changed significantly and striking reversals in the abundance of the two carbonate polymorphs have occurred on a decadal time scale, during the last 31 ka cal bp . Different lines of evidence, such as grain size, organic matter and redox sensitive elements, indicate that reversals in carbonate polymorph abundance arise due to physical changes in the lacustrine setting, for example, water column depth and lake mixing. The aragonite concentrations are remarkably sensitive to climate, and exhibit millennial‐scale oscillations. Extending observations from modern lakes, the Iznik record shows that the aerobic decomposition of organic matter and sulphate reduction are also substantial factors in carbonate preservation over long time periods. Lower lake levels favour aragonite precipitation from supersaturated waters. Prolonged periods of stratification and, consequently, enhanced sulphate reduction favour aragonite preservation. In contrast, prolonged or repeated exposure of the sediment–water interface to oxygen results in in situ aerobic organic matter decomposition, eventually leading to carbonate dissolution. Notably, the Iznik sediment profile raises the hypothesis that different states of lacustrine mixing lead to selective preservation of different carbonate polymorphs. Thus, a change in the entire lake water chemistry is not strictly necessary to favour the preservation of one polymorph over another. Therefore, this investigation is a novel contribution to the carbon cycle in lacustrine systems.  相似文献   
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The issue of extending healthcare to marginalized underserved rural population remains a cardinal rhetoric policy of the Ghana Government. Meanwhile we note a growing inequity in terms of access and utilization of quality and affordable healthcare between urban and rural areas of the country. The Government of Ghana through its various policy initiatives in 2002 collaborated with civil societies with the aim of bringing healthcare to the doorsteps of rural folks in the country. Using a mixed method approach through a semi structured interviews and questionnaire administration, and focusing on the Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) programme in Nsanfo community in the Mfanstiman municipal area, this study assesses the effectiveness and challenges confronting state–civil society partnership in co-producing a public good (healthcare). We found that synergy between the state (Mfanstiman Municipal Health Directorate) and the civil society (community health volunteers) has yielded positive results in bringing healthcare to the door steps as well as improving the health conditions of the local people in the study area. Nonetheless, certain challenges such as lack of volunteer motivation, deplorable state of the CHPS compound and logistics threaten the very existence of this collaboration. Our study has far reaching implications for healthcare planning in Ghana.  相似文献   
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Marine chemistry of the coastal environment starts with principles of rock weathering that use carbonic acid to mobilize elements, only some of which comprise the majority of sea salt. The principle reason is reverse weathering, extensively represented in coastal waters, and returns most elements to newly formed colloids or minerals while recycling carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This includes the deeper ocean expanse of sediment diagenesis, plus hydrothermal plumes and attendant low-temperature basalt alteration. Within the estuarine and extended shelf regimes, both conservative and non-conservative processes can be distinguished and modeled to determine proportions of weathered elements transmitted to the sea or consumed by reverse weathering. Conceptually, the steady-state processes that lead to the composition of seawater can be viewed as heterogeneous equilibria between dissolved constituents and solid mineral products taking hundreds of millennia. However, initial processes in the estuarine and coastal environment are characterized by shorter term scavenging associated with inorganic and organic colloids. These recycle both carbon and trace elements on timescales commensurate with estuarine flushing and coastal exchange with the ocean. The natural uranium and thorium decay series provide powerful tools for quantifying the rates of estuarine processes, including those within groundwater and the subterranean estuary. In the future, new mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques will help to define the molecular nature of newly formed estuarine colloids as has been done for dissolved organic matter. As the coastal environment undergoes the forces of climate change in the form of warming and sea level rise, future research should address how these will impact chemistry of the coastal environment as a net source or sink of carbon dioxide and associated organic material.  相似文献   
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The management of groundwater resources is very important in the semiarid Sahel region, which is experiencing rapid urban development. Impacts of urbanization on groundwater resources were investigated in the unconfined aquifer of the Continental Terminal beneath the city of Niamey, Niger, using water level and chemical data. Hydrodynamic and chemical changes are best described by a combination of factors including the historical development of the city, current land use, water-table depth and topography. Seasonal groundwater recharge occurs with high spatial variability, as indicated by water-level monitoring in all wells, but there was no interannual trend over the 5-year study period. Groundwater salinity shows high spatial variability and a minor rising trend. The highest salinity is in the old city centre, with Na–NO3 dominant, and it increases seasonally with recharge. Salinity is much lower and more variable in the suburbs (Ca–HCO3, Ca–NO3, and Na–NO3 dominant). Nitrate is the main ionic contaminant and is seasonally or permanently above the international guidelines for drinking water quality in 36 % of sampled wells, with a peak value of 112 mg L?1 NO3–N (8 meq L?1). Comparison of urban and rural sites indicates a long-term increase in groundwater recharge and nitrate enrichment in the urban area with serious implications for groundwater management in the region.  相似文献   
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