Model simulations of dense bottom currents in the Western Baltic Sea     

Hans Burchard  Frank Janssen  Karsten Bolding  Lars Umlauf  Hannes Rennau 《Continental Shelf Research》2009

Only recently, medium intensity inflow events into the Baltic Sea have gained more awareness because of their potential to ventilate intermediate layers in the Southern Baltic Sea basins. With the present high-resolution model study of the Western Baltic Sea a first attempt is made to obtain model based realistic estimates of turbulent mixing in this area where dense bottom currents resulting from medium intensity inflow events are weakened by turbulent entrainment. The numerical model simulation which is carried out using the General Estuarine Transport Model (GETM) during nine months in 2003 and 2004 is first validated by means of three automatic stations at the Drogden and Darss Sills and in the Arkona Sea. In order to obtain good agreement between observations and model results, the 0.5×0.5$0.5\times 0.5$ nautical mile bathymetry had to be adjusted in order to account for the fact that even at that scale many relevant topographic features are not resolved. Current velocity, salinity and turbulence observations during a medium intensity inflow event through the Øresund are then compared to the model results. Given the general problems of point to point comparisons between observations and model simulations, the agreement is fairly good with the characteristic features of the inflow event well represented by the model simulations. Two different bulk measures for mixing activity are then introduced, the vertically integrated decay of salinity variance, which is equal to the production of micro-scale salinity variance, and the vertically integrated turbulent salt flux, which is related to an increase of potential energy due to vertical mixing of stably stratified flow. Both measures give qualitatively similar results and identify the Drogden and Darss Sills as well as the Bornholm Channel as mixing hot spots. Further regions of strong mixing are the dense bottom current pathways from these sills into the Arkona Sea, areas around Kriegers Flak (a shoal in the western Arkona Sea) and north–west of the island of Rügen.  相似文献   

Ageing of Dissolved Halogenated Humic Substances and the Microbiological Influence on this Process     

K. G. Heumann  G. Rdlinger  M. Erbes  I. Heiber  U. Obst  Z. Filip  H. Claus 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(4):193-201

The distribution of halogens in various fractions of humic substances (HS), separated by their molecular weight, was found to be different for the different halogens. This was demonstrated for chlorine, bromine, and iodine in sewage and brown water samples by applying inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry coupled with size‐exclusion chromatography. Quantification of the different fractions of iodinated humic substances was obtained by quadrupole mass spectrometry in connection with the isotope dilution technique using an ¹²⁹I‐enriched spike solution. Quantitative analysis was not possible for the corresponding chlorine and bromine species because of spectrometric interferences in the quadrupole instrument. The ageing of HS/halogen species was followed with respect to possible transformations of these species in a ground and sewage water sample up to eight weeks. Even if a distinct structural variation of the humic substance was observed with time by measuring the UV absorption, chlorine remained in the same molecular weight fraction and only a small change was found for the HS/bromine species after eight weeks. In contrast to these findings a substantial transformation of HS/iodine compounds took place, which demonstrated that the transfer probability of halogens from one to another HS fraction is increased with decreasing strength of the halogen bond to carbon. By comparing the results of an original sewage water sample with a filtered one and with another one which was enriched by microorganisms cultivated from the same original sample, a strong microbiological influence on the transformation of HS/iodine species was found. A quantitative balance of the corresponding HS/iodine fractions was calculated for an ageing period of eight weeks showing that iodine was preferably transferred to newly formed UV active HS substances of high molecular weight. In total, no iodine was released from the humic substances.  相似文献   

Moving beyond run‐off calibration—Multivariable optimization of a surface–subsurface–atmosphere model          下载免费PDF全文

Simon Stisen  Julian Koch  Torben O. Sonnenborg  Jens Christian Refsgaard  Simone Bircher  Rasmus Ringgaard  Karsten H. Jensen 《水文研究》2018,32(17):2654-2668

  相似文献   

Multivariate and multiscale dependence in the global climate system revealed through complex networks     

Karsten Steinhaeuser  Auroop R. Ganguly  Nitesh V. Chawla 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(3-4):889-895

A systematic characterization of multivariate dependence at multiple spatio-temporal scales is critical to understanding climate system dynamics and improving predictive ability from models and data. However, dependence structures in climate are complex due to nonlinear dynamical generating processes, long-range spatial and long-memory temporal relationships, as well as low-frequency variability. Here we utilize complex networks to explore dependence in climate data. Specifically, networks constructed from reanalysis-based atmospheric variables over oceans and partitioned with community detection methods demonstrate the potential to capture regional and global dependence structures within and among climate variables. Proximity-based dependence as well as long-range spatial relationships are examined along with their evolution over time, yielding new insights on ocean meteorology. The tools are implicitly validated by confirming conceptual understanding about aggregate correlations and teleconnections. Our results also suggest a close similarity of observed dependence patterns in relative humidity and horizontal wind speed over oceans. In addition, updraft velocity, which relates to convective activity over the oceans, exhibits short spatiotemporal decorrelation scales but long-range dependence over time. The multivariate and multi-scale dependence patterns broadly persist over multiple time windows. Our findings motivate further investigations of dependence structures among observations, reanalysis and model-simulated data to enhance process understanding, assess model reliability and improve regional climate predictions.  相似文献   

Iron biomineralization by anaerobic neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jennyfer Miot  Karim Benzerara  Andreas Kappler  Martin Obst  Fériel Skouri-Panet  Nicole Posth  Gordon E. Brown Jr.  François Guyot 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(3):696-1446

Minerals formed by bio-oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe(II)) at neutral pH, their association with bacterial ultrastructures as well as their impact on the metabolism of iron-oxidizing bacteria remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated iron biomineralization by the anaerobic nitrate-dependent iron-oxidizing bacterium Acidovorax sp. strain BoFeN1 in the presence of dissolved Fe(II) using electron microscopy and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM). All detected minerals consisted mainly of amorphous iron phosphates, but based on their morphology and localization, three types of precipitates could be discriminated: (1) mineralized filaments at distance from the cells, (2) globules of 100 ± 25 nm in diameter, at the cell surface and (3) a 40-nm thick mineralized layer within the periplasm. All of those phases were shown to be intimately associated with organic molecules. Periplasmic encrustation was accompanied by an accumulation of protein moieties. In the same way, exopolysaccharides were associated with the extracellular mineralized filaments. The evolution of cell encrustation was followed by TEM over the time course of a culture: cell encrustation proceeded progressively, with rapid precipitation in the periplasm (in a few tens of minutes), followed by the formation of surface-bound globules. Moreover, we frequently observed an asymmetric mineral thickening at the cell poles. In parallel, the evolution of iron oxidation was quantified by STXM: iron both contained in the bacteria and in the extracellular precipitates reached complete oxidation within 6 days. While a progressive oxidation of Fe in the bacteria and in the medium could be observed, spatial redox (oxido-reduction state) heterogeneities were detected at the cell poles and in the extracellular precipitates after 1 day. All these findings provide new information to further the understanding of molecular processes involved in iron biomineralization by anaerobic iron-oxidizing bacteria and offer potential signatures of those metabolisms that can be looked for in the geological record.  相似文献   

The influence of picocyanobacterial photosynthesis on calcite precipitation   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

I. B. M. Kosamu M.Sc.  M. Obst Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2009,6(4):557-562

This study assessed the role of picocyanobacterial photosynthesis in the induction of calcite precipitation. It aimed at establishing whether photosynthetic uptake of bicarbonate by Synechoccoccus cells leads to calcite nucleation. The precipitation of calcite was initiated by addition of previously washed cyanobacterial cells of Synechococcus strain PCC 7942 to solutions of calcium carbonate at different saturation levels with respect to calcite. Precipitation experiments were performed under controlled laboratory conditions in two set-ups: one in which photosynthesis was inhibited using a herbicide called Diuron and the other one in which photosynthesis was taking place. During the experiments, a pH meter monitored the pH and ion selective electrodes monitored concentrations of carbonate and calcium ions. The morphology of the precipitated crystals was analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. When the kinetics of calcium carbonate nucleation by the Synechococcus cells were compared for the two sets of experiments, there were very little differences. In fact, the induction times for precipitation reactions with photosynthesis were shorter due to the uptake of carbon dioxide. It is therefore, concluded that photosynthesis does not directly influence the nucleation of calcite at the surface of Synechococcus cells with sufficient supply of carbon dioxide, i.e. cells took up carbon dioxide and not bicarbonate. The microscopic observations, however, provided some evidence that picocyanobacterial cell walls act as a template for calcite nucleation.  相似文献   

Comment on the “Joint determination of K decay constants and Ar/K for the Fish Canyon sanidine standard, and improved accuracy for Ar/Ar geochronology” by Paul R. Renne et al. (2010)     

Winfried H. Schwarz  Karsten Kossert  Jens Hopp 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(17):5094-5100

  相似文献   

Mesozoic rift magmatism in the North Sea region: <Superscript>40</Superscript>Ar/<Superscript>39</Superscript>Ar geochronology of Scanian basalts and geochemical constraints     

Ingemar Bergelin  Karsten Obst  Ulf Söderlund  Kent Larsson  Leif Johansson 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(4):787-804

More than 100 volcanic necks composed of basanites and melanephelinites occur in Scania, southern Sweden, at the junction of two major tectonic lineaments, the Phanerozoic Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone (STZ) and the Proterozoic Protogine Zone. New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isotope analyses of whole rock fragments of nine selected basalt necks suggest that the Mesozoic alkaline volcanism in the Scanian province commenced earlier than previously reported and comprised three separate volcanic episodes that span a total period of ca. 80 Myr: a first Jurassic (191–178 Ma), a second at the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary (ca. 145 Ma), and a final middle Cretaceous episode (ca. 110 Ma). The new results allow for precise time correlations between eruption events in the Scanian and those in the North Sea volcanic provinces. The older, early Jurassic event in Scania is largely synchronous with that in the Egersund Basin and the Forties field whereas the event at ca. 145 Ma is correlated with activity in the Central Graben. These volcanic episodes also correlate in age with Kimmerian tectonic activity. Volcanic activity in the middle Cretaceous period has also been dated in the triple junction in the North Sea and offshore in the Netherland Sector. The correlation of basalt volcanism in Scania with the Egersund nephelinites strongly suggest that volcanism was triggered by repeated tectonic activity along the STZ. Geochemical data of alkaline mafic rocks in the Scanian and the North Sea volcanic provinces imply that different provinces have largely unique geochemical signatures in favour of a heterogeneous mantle in the North Sea volcanic region. However, basalts of different generations in one and the same province cannot be readily separated on the basis of geochemistry, suggesting that the same lithospheric mantle was the source of repeated volcanism over time in each province. The data suggest a low degree of melting of a volatile-bearing mantle lherzolite enriched in incompatible elements with the exception of the Forties basalts in the rift centre, produced by larger degree of melting and evolved by fractional crystallization.  相似文献   

On the feasibility of seafloor magnetotelluric soundings in the North Sea     

Karsten Bahr 《Ocean Dynamics》1988,41(3-6):277-281

  相似文献   

Nickel-rich metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle by pre-kimberlitic alkali-S–Cl-rich C–O–H fluids     

Andrea Giuliani  Vadim S. Kamenetsky  Mark A. Kendrick  David Phillips  Karsten Goemann 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,165(1):155-171

Metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle sometimes produces unusual assemblages containing native metals and alloys, which provide important insight into metasomatic processes in the mantle. In this study, we describe the metasomatic enrichment of a refractory harzburgite xenolith in Ni, Fe and, to a lesser extent, Cu, Co, As and Sb. The xenolith (XM1/422) derives from the Bultfontein kimberlite (Kimberley, South Africa) and hosts Ni mineralisation that includes native nickel (Ni_84.5-98.0), heazlewoodite (Ni₃S₂) and Ni-rich silicates (e.g. up to 37.5 wt % NiO in olivine, and 22.4 wt % NiO in phlogopite). The presence of several mineral phases enriched in alkali and volatile species (e.g. phlogopite, phosphates, carbonates, chlorides, djerfisherite) indicates that the transition metal cations were likely introduced during metasomatism by alkali-rich C–O–H fluids or alkali-carbonate melts. It is postulated that sulphide breakdown and fluid reaction with refractory mantle rocks contributed to the fluid’s enrichment in Ni and other metallic cations. The Ni-rich assemblages of xenolith XM1/422 show local chemical disequilibrium, and modelling of the Ni diffusion profiles adjacent to olivine-native nickel and olivine-heazlewoodite grain boundaries, suggests a close temporal relationship between Ni-rich metasomatism and subsequent entrainment by the kimberlite magma. However, metal-rich metasomatism has also been observed in other lithospheric mantle domains, including orogenic peridotitic massifs and the suboceanic mantle; regions unaffected by kimberlite magmatsim. As micro-scale occurrences of metallic phases are easily overlooked, it is possible that metal-rich metasomatism is more widespread in the Earth’s mantle than previously recognised.  相似文献