Collision tectonics in the New Hebrides arc (Vanuatu)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sebastien Meffre and  Anthony J Crawford 《Island Arc》2001,10(1):33-50

Abstract The New Hebrides island arc in Vanuatu has been significantly modified by collision with several major submarine ridges and plateaux. Bathymetric sections taken at intervals along the arc, perpendicular to the trench, show that prior to collision at 3 Ma the morphology was typical of modern intraoceanic island arcs. Collision has caused uplift of the trench and forearc (up to 6000 m), subsidence around the arc volcanic edifices (up to 2500 m), forming a large intra-arc basin and uplift of the arc-backarc transition (up to 2000 m). In the transition zone between collisional and non-collisional sections of the arc, subsidence occurs in the forearc and uplift occurs around the arc volcanoes. Many of these characteristics are typical of collisions in other Western Pacific island arcs such as the Tonga–Kermadec and Izu–Bonin arcs. The pattern of uplift and subsidence has important implications for the tectonic history of the New Hebrides system. The morphology of the arc shows that collision of the West Torres Massif probably accounts for at least half the uplift. Arrival at 0.7 Ma of the West Torres Massif in the trench may have caused the slowing of subduction in the entire northern half of the arc and not just in the central segment as previously suggested. Re-equilibration of the arc following collision probably masks any evidence of collision prior to 3 Ma. For example, the Efate re-entrant, a large indentation in the arc immediately to the south of the collision zone, probably originated as a result of erosion during collision followed by subsidence after collision. The Vanuatu collision shows that the subduction of seamounts and ridges in an intraoceanic arc temporarily changes the arc morphology, allowing the development of angular unconformities and changing the pattern of sedimentation. This provides information which can be used to facilitate recognition of these events in ancient arc-related sequences.  相似文献   

The origin of the oil sand bitumens of Alberta: a chemical and a microbiological simulation study   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

I. Rubinstein  O.P. Strausz  C. Spyckerelle  R.J. Crawford  D.W.S. Westlake 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1977,41(9):1341-1353

An analytical method involving computerized gas Chromatographic mass spectrometric “Multiple Ion Cross Scan” technique has been developed for the study of chemical transformations in the biodegradation of crude oils.The technique has been employed in the study of the bitumens of the Alberta oil sands. Comparison of results from the in vitro simulation experiments with those from field samples of Alberta Lower Cretaceous oils and oil sands suggests that the Alberta oil sand bitumens have arisen from the biodegradation of conventional crude oils.  相似文献   

Removal of contaminants from landfill leachates by filtration through glauconitic greensands     

Nenad Spoljaric  William A. Crawford 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(6):359-363

Passing landfill leachate through glauconitic greensand filters reduces the heavy metal cation content, lessens the unpleasant odor, and diminishes the murkiness of the leachate. The capability of the greensand to trap metal cations is increased by prolonging the contact time between the leachate and the greensand. Flushing the charged greensand filter with water does not cause significant release of cations back into solution, suggesting that polluted greensand might be disposed of at landfill sites without endangering the quality of either ground or surface water.  相似文献   

Glauconitic greensand: A possible filter of heavy metal cations from polluted waters     

Nenad Spoljaric  William A. Crawford 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(4):215-221

Experiments using distilled water, spiked with heavy metal cations and passed through a filtration system composed of greensand containing 80% glauconite at a rate of 2–4 ml/min, showed: (1) starting fluids containing Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Ag, or Zn had an average of 90% of the contaminating cation removed from acidic solutions and an average of 84% removed from the basic solutions; and, (2) filtration through greensand tended to neutralize both acidic and basic solutions. The removal of the contaminant cation from starting fluids containing K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, or Al (the principal constituents of glauconite plus Ca from shell material) is not as consistently effective as for the first named metals.  相似文献   

Indo-Antarctica, Gondwanaland, and the distortion of a granulite belt     

A. R. Crawford 《Tectonophysics》1974,22(1-2)

A detailed examination of a Gondwanaland re-assembly of Peninsular India and part of East Antarctica permits several conclusions to be drawn largely from data from the Indian coastal belt, which includes Ceylon. These are that original major granulite metamorphism probably occurred at about 2000 m.y., and that the sinuosity of the granulite belt, now split into two coastal belts, is a later distortion, outlined by anorthosite occurrences in India, which probably occurred between 720 and 450 m.y. Brief mention is made of the continuation of this belt into Madagascar, and of the problem of what lay between Western Australia and India in Gondwanaland.  相似文献   

Thermodynamic properties,low-temperature heat-capacity anomalies,and single-crystal X-ray refinement of hydronium jarosite, (H<Subscript>3</Subscript>O)Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>(SO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript>(OH)<Subscript>6</Subscript>     

J.?MajzlanEmail author  R.?Stevens  J.?Boerio-Goates  B. F.?Woodfield  A.?Navrotsky  P. C.?Burns  M. K.?Crawford  T. G.?Amos 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2004,31(8):518-531

Crystals of hydronium jarosite were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of Fe(III)–SO₄ solutions. Single-crystal XRD refinement with R₁=0.0232 for the unique observed reflections (|F_o| > 4_F) and wR₂=0.0451 for all data gave a=7.3559(8) Å, c=17.019(3) Å, V^o=160.11(4) cm³, and fractional positions for all atoms except the H in the H₃O groups. The chemical composition of this sample is described by the formula (H₃O)_0.91Fe_2.91(SO₄)₂[(OH)_5.64(H₂O)_0.18]. The enthalpy of formation (H^o_f) is –3694.5 ± 4.6 kJ mol^–1, calculated from acid (5.0 N HCl) solution calorimetry data for hydronium jarosite, -FeOOH, MgO, H₂O, and -MgSO₄. The entropy at standard temperature and pressure (S^o) is 438.9±0.7 J mol^–1 K^–1, calculated from adiabatic and semi-adiabatic calorimetry data. The heat capacity (C_p) data between 273 and 400 K were fitted to a Maier-Kelley polynomial C_p(T in K)=280.6 + 0.6149T–3199700T^–2. The Gibbs free energy of formation is –3162.2 ± 4.6 kJ mol^–1. Speciation and activity calculations for Fe(III)–SO₄ solutions show that these new thermodynamic data reproduce the results of solubility experiments with hydronium jarosite. A spin-glass freezing transition was manifested as a broad anomaly in the C_p data, and as a broad maximum in the zero-field-cooled magnetic susceptibility data at 16.5 K. Another anomaly in C_p, below 0.7 K, has been tentatively attributed to spin cluster tunneling. A set of thermodynamic values for an ideal composition end member (H₃O)Fe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ was estimated: G^o_f= –3226.4 ± 4.6 kJ mol^–1, H^o_f=–3770.2 ± 4.6 kJ mol^–1, S^o=448.2 ± 0.7 J mol^–1 K^–1, C_p (T in K)=287.2 + 0.6281T–3286000T^–2 (between 273 and 400 K).  相似文献   

“Miss Remington” Goes to Work: Gender,Space, and Technology at the Dawn of the Information Age*     

Kate Boyer 《The Professional geographer》2004,56(2):201-212

At the end of the 19th century, the financial services sector underwent a technological “revolution” with the invention of the typewriter, dictaphone, and hollerith machine. At the same time, the gender of labor within this sector was also changing, such that by the end of the first quarter of the 20th century, most of the work taking place in white‐collar offices was performed by women. After introducing the broader research project on which this is based, I consider how technology and social relations shaped one another at the level of the body, the workplace, and with broader networks of branch banking, focusing on early 20th‐century Montreal, Canada. I argue that the financial services sector worked to create a system in which men flowed through and women functioned as fixed points. I further argue that this pattern was echoed at different scales within the financial services industry, from the level of the body and the workplace up through spatially dispersed national‐level networks.  相似文献   

Exploration of the Solar System by Infrared Remote Sensing: R.A. Hanel, B.J. Conrath, D.E. Jennings, R.E. Samuelson, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003, ISBN 0521 818974     

Ian Crawford 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2004,147(4):353

  相似文献   

Exploring the Moon in the 21st century     

Ian Crawford  Mahesh Anand 《Astronomy& Geophysics》2006,47(1):1.33-1.34

Ian Crawford and Mahesh Anand report on a wide-ranging RAS Discussion Meeting on the future of lunar exploration, held in the Geological Society Lecture Theatre at Burlington House on Friday 11 November 2005.  相似文献   

Polygon-to-Polygon Spatial Accessibility Using Different Aggregation Approaches: A Case Study of National Forests in the US Mountain West Region   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Thomas W. Crawford 《Transactions in GIS》2006,10(1):121-140

Spatial accessibility is an enduring topic of spatial analysis that is intimately tied to issues of spatial representation and scale. A variety of methods to measure accessibility have been developed with most research focusing on metropolitan‐sized spatial extents using census‐defined aggregation units and relying on vector point representation to calculate Euclidean or network distances as key ingredients in measure formulations. Less research considers broader scales where both origin and destination points are treated as polygons. This research develops alternative gravity‐based measures of polygon‐to‐polygon accessibility for a case study of county‐level accessibility to national forests in the western US. Different methods of county and forest representation are implemented using census block centroids and a lattice approach for disaggregation and re‐aggregation. Other characteristics that are analyzed include origin‐destination linkage definitions, population weighting, and distance thresholds. Correlation analysis is used to assess relationships of alternative measures with a simple percentage measure and with each other. Low correlations would suggest that measures capture different aspects of accessibility that are related to their qualitative characteristics. Results show the alternative measures to be dissimilar from the percentage measure; however, high correlations among alternative measures suggest that there is little to differentiate certain disaggregated measures in spite of their richer qualitative interpretation.  相似文献