Political ecology in North America: Discovering the Third World within?     

Richard A. Schroeder  Kevin St. Martin  Katherine E. Albert 《Geoforum》2006,37(2):163-168

Political ecologists working in many other parts of the world are now heading north, or simply going global, posing a series of important questions related to theory, methodology, politics, and policy along the way. This special issue, contains papers originally delivered at a conference held at Rutgers University in 2003 that addressed this phenomenon. The papers collected offer case studies that reveal the First World as subject to a host of processes that can be insightfully understood via a political ecology perspective. First, globalized production and consumption regimes have created new linkages that demand synoptic analyses of often far-flung research sites. Second, the painful coincidence of deindustrialization and a radical restructuring of agricultural credit and price support systems have devastated North American and European heartlands, effectively producing “Third World” conditions in many depressed rural areas. Third, migration streams originating in Latin America, Africa and many parts of Asia have brought sizable Third World populations into the spatial heart of capitalism. Fourth, the belated recognition of some indigenous claims to resources, especially in Canada, and fierce opposition to others, have reopened questions of (internal) colonial domination. Finally, we see the burgeoning First World political ecology literature as the culmination of what Louise Fortmann has called “the long intellectual journey home” for many scholars who originally carried out research on/in the Third World. All of these factors have combined to help political ecologists discover suitable analytical terrain in the First World.  相似文献   

Problematising power relations in ‘elite’ interviews     

Katherine E. Smith 《Geoforum》2006,37(4):643-653

Methodological debates about interviewing ‘elites’ have recently received significant attention within human geography. Many of the contributors to this debate have suggested that there is something intrinsically different about interviewing ‘up’, which geography’s methodological literature needs to make space to consider. This paper argues that, in fact, the distinction between ‘elite’ interviewees and other types of interviewees is based on inadequate and widely critiqued conceptions of power. If, instead, geographers employ a poststructural understanding of power, we may be able to achieve a more sophisticated analysis of power relations within the interview space.  相似文献   

Formation of Zn- and Fe-sulfides near hydrothermal vents at the Eastern Lau Spreading Center: implications for sulfide bioavailability to chemoautotrophs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Heileen Hsu-Kim  Katherine M Mullaugh  Jeffrey J Tsang  Mustafa Yucel  George W LutherIII 《Geochemical transactions》2008,9(1):6

Background  

The speciation of dissolved sulfide in the water immediately surrounding deep-ocean hydrothermal vents is critical to chemoautotrophic organisms that are the primary producers of these ecosystems. The objective of this research was to identify the role of Zn and Fe for controlling the speciation of sulfide in the hydrothermal vent fields at the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) in the southern Pacific Ocean. Compared to other well-studied hydrothermal systems in the Pacific, the ELSC is notable for unique ridge characteristics and gradients over short distances along the north-south ridge axis.  相似文献   

“These Maps Talk for Us:” Participatory Action Mapping as Civic Engagement Practice     

Amber J. Boll-Bosse  Katherine B. Hankins 《The Professional geographer》2018,70(2):319-326

Geographers have long been associated with mapping and cartography, because the visual representation of space fits neatly into the wide-ranging discipline that engages both the physical and the social worlds. Mapmaking remained in the domain of experts for centuries until the advent of new mapping technologies, which have widened the possibilities for mapmaking from experts and nonexperts alike. Simply widening participation in mapmaking does not necessarily democratize the knowledge-production process, however, as scholars have recently argued. What is required, we suggest, are critically trained geographers who take seriously both the conventions of professional cartography and the power relations embedded in and reflected in the map-making process and in maps themselves. We name participatory action mapping (PAM) as a methodology that seeks to be as effective in advancing the mapping needs of the public as it is critical in evaluating the processes through which maps are produced. PAM is a practice of civic engagement that borrows from community mapping and public participatory geographic information systems and that is deeply informed by participatory action research. We highlight the contours of PAM through a case study of our work with the Westside Atlanta Land Trust in Atlanta, Georgia.  相似文献   

Detection of ferric iron in an exsolved lunar pyroxene using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS): Implications for space weathering and redox conditions on the Moon     

Brittany A. Cymes  Katherine D. Burgess  Rhonda M. Stroud 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2023,58(2):259-274

To shed light on the mechanism of formation of nanophase iron particles (npFe) in space-weathered materials from airless bodies, we analyzed exsolved and unexsolved space-weathered lunar pyroxenes from Apollo 17 sample 71501. The exsolved pyroxene allowed for the observation of the effects of space weathering on similar mineral phases with variable composition. Using coordinated scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), we determined that two coexisting pyroxenes in the exsolved grain showed systematic variations in response to space weathering, despite equivalent exposure conditions. The npFe in the space-weathered rim of augite lamellae were smaller and fewer than the npFe in the rim of pigeonite lamellae. EELS spectrum imaging revealed the presence and heterogeneous distribution of Fe⁰, Fe²⁺, and Fe³⁺ in the exsolved pyroxene. Metallic iron occurred in the npFe, a mixture of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ occurred in the pigeonite lamellae, and the augite lamellae contained virtually all Fe³⁺. Approximately 50% of the total Fe measured in the exsolved pyroxene grain was ferric. Partitioning of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ among the lamellae is invoked to explain the difference in npFe development in pigeonite and augite. The results of this study, the first to identify Fe³⁺ in a crystalline lunar ferromagnesian silicate, have implications for our understanding of how space weathering might proceed in oxidized phases. Furthermore, the discovery of an Fe³⁺-rich pyroxene also supports attribution of the 0.7 μm absorption feature observed in Galileo Solid State Imager data to oxidized Fe in clinopyroxenes.  相似文献   

Detection and discrimination of sulfate minerals using reflectance spectroscopy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Edward A. Cloutis  Frank C. Hawthorne  Katherine Krenn  Dionne Marcino  Johnathon Strong  Diana L. Blaney  Faith Vilas 《Icarus》2006,184(1):121-157

A suite of sulfate minerals were characterized spectrally, compositionally, and structurally in order to develop spectral reflectance-compositional-structural relations for this group of minerals. Sulfates exhibit diverse spectral properties, and absorption-band assignments have been developed for the 0.3-26 μm range. Sulfate absorption features can be related to the presence of transition elements, OH, H₂O, and SO₄ groups. The number, wavelength position, and intensity of these bands are a function of both composition and structure. Cation substitutions can affect the wavelength positions of all major absorption bands. Hydroxo-bridged Fe³⁺ results in absorption bands in the 0.43, 0.5, and 0.9 μm regions, while the presence of Fe²⁺ results in absorption features in the 0.9-1.2 μm interval. Fundamental SO bending and stretching vibration absorption bands occur in the 8-10, 13-18, and 19-24 μm regions (1000-1250, 550-770, and 420-530 cm⁻¹). The most intense combinations and overtones of these fundamentals are found in the 4-5 μm (2000-2500 cm⁻¹) region. Absorption features seen in the 1.7-1.85 μm interval are attributable to HOH/OH bending and translation/rotation combinations, while bands in the 2.1-2.7 μm regions can be attributed to H₂O- and OH-combinations as well as overtones of SO bending fundamentals. OH- and H₂O-bearing sulfate spectra are fundamentally different from each other at wavelengths below ∼6 μm. Changes in H₂O/OH content can shift SO band positions due to change in bond lengths and structural rearrangement. Differences in absorption band wavelength positions enable discrimination of all the sulfate minerals used in this study in a number of wavelength intervals. Of the major absorption band regions, the 4-5 μm region seems best for identifying and discriminating sulfates in the presence of other major rock-forming minerals.  相似文献   

Disaster risk perception in urban contexts and for people with disabilities: case study on the city of Iquique (Chile)     

Castro  Carmen-Paz  Sarmiento  Juan-Pablo  Edwards  Rosita  Hoberman  Gabriela  Wyndham  Katherine 《Natural Hazards》2017,86(1):411-436

Natural Hazards - About 15% of the world’s population suffers from some kind of disability. In addition to experiencing high rates of poverty, exclusion and lack of access to education,...  相似文献   

Challenges for creating a site-specific groundwater-use record for the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system (central USA) from 1900 to 2010     

Katherine J. Knierim  Anna M. Nottmeier  Scott Worland  Drew A. Westerman  Brian R. Clark 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(6):1779-1793

Hydrologic budgets to determine groundwater availability are important tools for water-resource managers. One challenging component for developing hydrologic budgets is quantifying water use through time because historical and site-specific water-use data can be sparse or poorly documented. This research developed a groundwater-use record for the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system (central USA) from 1900 to 2010 that related county-level aggregated water-use data to site-specific well locations and aquifer units. A simple population-based linear model, constrained to 0 million liters per day in 1900, provided the best means to extrapolate groundwater-withdrawal rates pre-1950s when there was a paucity of water-use data. To disaggregate county-level data to individual wells across a regional aquifer system, a programmatic hierarchical process was developed, based on the level of confidence that a well pumped groundwater for a specific use during a specific year. Statistical models tested on a subset of the best-available site-specific water-use data provided a mechanism to bracket historic groundwater use, such that groundwater-withdrawal rates ranged, on average, plus or minus 38% from modeled values. Groundwater withdrawn for public supply and domestic use accounted for between 48 and 74% of total groundwater use since 1901, highlighting that groundwater provides an important drinking-water resource. The compilation, analysis, and spatial and temporal extrapolation of water-use data remain a challenging task for water scientists, but is of paramount importance to better quantify groundwater use and availability.  相似文献