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51.
Water motion is a very important environment surrounding marine organisms. It is, however, difficult to measure currents with a propeller type of current meters in seagrass or seaweed beds in shallow waters. Therefore, we elaborate the measuring method of time-averaged intensity of water motion with plaster balls invented by Muus (1968) to set them at several depths at short vertical intervals in shallow waters. Theoretical examination is also made on the relation between speed of steady flow and dissolution rate of plaster balls by experiments in a circuit tank. These experiments revealed that the temporal rate of decrease in the 1/2 power of wet weight of plaster balls excluding a rod supporting the plaster ball was proportional to the speed of steady flow in the tank. On the basis of this relation, we propose the method for estimating the time-averaged intensity of water motion by converting the loss of wet weight of plaster ball to the speed of steady flow bringing equivalent loss. Since this method is simple and convenient, it can be applied to obtaining environmental indices of water motion not only in seagrass or seaweed forests, but also in fishing grounds culturingporphyra, yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata) or oysters. 相似文献
52.
Hideo Kawai 《Journal of Oceanography》1987,43(3):204-215
For the audience or readers to deepen understanding of fisheries oceanography, especially physical fisheries oceanography, this lecture reviews my research work, including clues, failures and management problems encountered during the course of my studies. The contents of this lecture are: (1) introduction, (2) hydrographical feature in and around the Perturbed Area between the Kuroshio and Oyashio Fronts and its fluctuation, (3) conservative properties along a streamline or a trajectory and observation planning, (4) the Kuroshio south of Japan and warm and cold eddies pinched off from the Kuroshio meanders, (5) convergence-divergence of currents and accumulation-dispersal of marine organisms, (6) the Japan Sea (and a part of the East China Sea), and (7) conclusion: approaches to research in fisheries oceanography. 相似文献
53.
Hideo Kawai 《Journal of Oceanography》1986,42(1):30-38
An attempt is made to find a relation betweenK, the absolute value of accumulation-dispersal coefficient of marine organisms referred to a region or a group (Kawai, 1986a), andL, the square root of the area of the region or the group over which the distribution density of organisms is averaged.K is estimated as shown below. For appropriate sampling time-intervals,K becomes greater than other coefficients such as population growth coefficient. Using this result, an order of magnitude ofK dependent onL is estimated from various data of temporal change in density. With the aid of a dependenceQL
–2/3 (Kawai, 1985b), a relationKL
–2/3 is predicted for 30 cmL 30 km, whereQ andK are the root-mean-square values of area-averaged horizontal divergence of near-surface flows and of the accumulation-dispersal coefficient, respectively. The reason whyK tends to have the order of magnitude of weak or mediumQ is discussed. The doubling-halving time of the distribution density due to accumulation-dispersal,T, is related toK byT=(loge2)/¦K¦L
2/3. Finally, sampling time-intervals to estimate accumulation-dispersal coefficients are referred to. 相似文献
54.
The present study is a modification of the wave prediction model presented in the first paper of this title (Kawai
et al., 1979) based on the Toba's (1978) single parameter equation of the wind wave growth. The introduction of a grid method reduces
the two defects pointed out inKawai
et al., i.e., the absence of the prediction of certain instants at fixed points, and the concentration of wave energy at certain
points in the wind direction, arising from the lack of treatment of the lateral spreading of wave energy around the wind direction.
The new model is applied to the same set of data. The results shows overall improvements, such as the elimination of certain
overestimate in the first study and the coincidence of the predicted maximum with the measured one. The swells are separately
hindcasted and a very good agreement with measurement is obtained. 相似文献
55.
Robustness,uncertainties, and emergent constraints in the radiative responses of stratocumulus cloud regimes to future warming 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
56.
57.
Jung Hae Choi Katsuyuki Kawamura Kazushi Kimoto Yasuaki Ichikawa Byung‐Gon Chae 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2014,38(16):1744-1760
In porous media, chemical species that dissolve in pore water can be transported via diffusion mechanisms or advective fluxes, close to or far away from where precipitation occurs. In the case of a high‐level radioactive waste disposal system, compacted bentonite is used in a buffer material in an engineering barrier system to minimize the amount of specific nuclides that breach into the surrounding host rock. To minimize breaching, it is very important to understand the transport mechanism of multiple chemical species in porous media. In the following research, we introduced FEM analysis methods using the results of the molecular dynamics simulation and homogenization analysis (MD/HA) method. First, the diffusion coefficients of ions (Cl?, I?, and Na+) in different water layers of Na‐beidellite were calculated using the MD/HA procedure under various dry density (1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 Mg/m3) and temperature (293, 323, and 363 K) conditions. Next, using FEM analysis that used the MD/HA results as input parameters, the diffusion behaviors of ions in porous media were calculated. The results indicate that the diffusion coefficients of the interlayer water in Na‐beidellite are different from the diffusion coefficients under dry density conditions. Further, the concentration profiles (Ct/C0) of iodine and chloride are proportional to temperature but inversely proportional to dry density. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
58.
Jung Hae Choi A. H. M. Faisal Anwar Katsuyuki Kawamura Yasuaki Ichikawa 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2009,33(5):687-707
Kaolinite is a common clay mineral. It is a nanomaterial with a platelet crystalline structure. In order to analyze the behavior of kaolinite, its microscopic structure and material properties must be specified correctly. A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used for determining the microscale properties of hydrated kaolinite, and these properties are introduced into a multiscale homogenization analysis (HA). We previously developed such an MD/HA technique to investigate seepage, diffusion, sorption and consolidation in bentonite clay (Proceedings of the Science Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, Davos, Switzerland, vol. XXI. Material Research Society: Warrendale, PA, 1997; 359–366; Eng. Geol. 1999; 54 :21–31; Eng. Geol. 2001; 60 :127–138; Coupled Thermo‐Hydro‐Mechanical‐Chemical Processes in Geo‐systems. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2005; 457–464). We here apply the method to kaolinite clay to investigate the permeability, diffusion and related similitude law. The obtained results are supported by existing experimental data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
59.
Minoru Ando Tetsuya Nagata Shuji Sato Makoto Watanabe Kunio Itoh Toshihide Kawai Hidehiko Nakaya Yoshiharu Namba Takeshi Takezawa 《Experimental Astronomy》2002,13(3):119-134
We constructed a wide field cryogenic telescope (WFCT) containing a whole Ritchey-Chrétien system and a focal plane array
in a cryostat for near infrared observations to cover the field of view of 0.4°. The telescope has a primary mirror of 220
mm and an engineering grade 256 × 256 InSb array. The optical components such as two mirrors, filters, spiders, and radiation
shield tube are cooled down to 180 K as well as the InSb array to 35 K by a mechanical refrigerator. We show the results of
the background surface brightnesses and the limiting magnitudes at 3.3 and 3.67 μm measured at Sutherland, South Africa. We
describe the on-going upgrade of this instrument, equipped with a 1024 × 1024 ALADDIN InSb science grade array.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
60.
Akira Nagano Kazuyuki Uehara Toshio Suga Yoshimi Kawai Hiroshi Ichikawa Meghan F. Cronin 《Journal of Oceanography》2014,70(4):389-403
Hydrographic data in the Kuroshio Extension (KE) region from 2008 to 2010 show large year-to-year variability in near-surface salinity, including a very large anomalous event in February 2010. During this event, the deep winter mixed layer in the southern KE region had higher salinity than had existed during the previous summer in September 2009. Our analysis shows that advection from the Philippine Sea along the western branch of the North Pacific subtropical gyre, taking approximately 9 months, resulted in this large salinity anomaly in February 2010 and contributes to the interannual salinity variability in the southern KE region. 相似文献