Long-term variability of the low-luminosity active galactic nucleus of M81     

Naoko Iyomoto  Kazuo Makishima 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,321(4):767-775

Long-term X-ray variability of the low-luminosity active galactic nucleus of M81 was studied, using 16 ASCA observations spanning 5.5 yr. The object exhibits a factor of 3 variation over the 5.5 yr. The source intensity was relatively constant within each observation which lasted typically for one day, but intra-day variability by 30 per cent was detected on the 15th observation. The power-spectral density (PSD) was estimated in a 'forward' manner, over a frequency range of 10^−8.2–10^−4.3 Hz (period range of 0.25 d–5.5 yr), by utilizing the structure function and extensive Monte Carlo simulations in order to overcome the very sparse and uneven data samplings. When the PSD is assumed to be white below a 'break frequency' f _b and falls off as ∝  f ^{− α} above f _b, where f is frequency and α is a positive parameter, the M81 light curve is well described with 1/ f _b≥800 d and α =1.4±0.2.  相似文献   

Fault induced permanent ground deformations—an experimental comparison of wet and dry soil and implications for buried structures   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Jrgen Johansson  Kazuo Konagai 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2006,26(1):45-53

Fault surface ruptures constitute a great risk to human lives, buildings and infrastructure. Despite this few building codes contain risk reducing provisions. Experiments provided results for establishing design rules in terms of possible dislocation and failure strains. Dry and wet soil behave substantially different. A brief discussion on counteracting effects of the wet soil on the interaction between a buried structure and the surrounding ground is included.  相似文献   

Deformation mechanisms and fluid behavior in a shallow, brittle fault zone during coseismic and interseismic periods: Results from drill core penetrating the Nojima Fault, Japan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hidemi Tanaka  Shin-Ichiro Hinoki  Kazuo Kosaka  Aiming Lin  Keiji Takemura  Akihiro Murata  Takao Miyata 《Island Arc》2001,10(3-4):381-391

Abstract This paper describes the results of petrographical and meso- to microstructural observations of brittle fault rocks in cores obtained by drilling through the Nojima Fault at a drilling depth of 389.52 m. The zonation of deformation and alteration in the central zone of the fault is clearly seen in cores of granite from the hanging wall, in the following order: (i) host rock, which is characterized by some intragranular microcracks and in situ alteration of mafic minerals and feldspars; (ii) weakly deformed and altered rocks, which are characterized by transgranular cracks and the dissolution of mafic minerals, and by the precipitation of zeolites and iron hydroxide materials; (iii) random fabric fault breccia, which is characterized by fragmentation, by anastomosing networks of transgranular cracks, and by the precipitation of zeolites and iron hydroxide materials; and (iv) fault gouge, which is characterized by the precipitation of smectite and localized cataclastic flow. This zonation implies that the fault has been weakened gradually by fluid-related fracturing over time. In the footwall, a gouge layer measuring only 15 mm thick is present just below the surface of the Nojima Fault. These observations are the basis for a model of fluid behavior along the Nojima Fault. The model invokes the percolation of meteoric fluids through cracks in the hanging wall fault zone during interseismic periods, resulting in chemical reactions in the fault gouge layer to form smectite. The low permeability clay-rich gouge layer sealed the footwall. The fault gouge was brecciated during coseismic or postseismic periods, breaking the seal and allowing fluids to readily flow into the footwall, thus causing a slight alteration. Chemical reactions between fluids and the fault breccia and gouge generated new fault gouge, which resealed the footwall, resulting in a low fluid condition in the footwall during interseismic periods.  相似文献   

Critical damping of structures with elastically supported visco‐elastic dampers     

Yujin Lee  Izuru Takewaki  Koji Uetani  Kazuo Inoue 《地震工程与结构动力学》2002,31(2):481-486

This paper presents a new formulation for critical damping of structures with elastically supported visco‐elastic dampers.Owing to the great dependence of damper performance on the support stiffness, this model is inevitable for reliable modelling of structures with visco‐elastic dampers. It is shown that the governing equation of free vibration of this model is reduced to a third‐order differential equation and the conventional method for defining the critical damping for second‐order differential equations cannot be applied to the present model. It is demonstrated that the region of overdamped vibration is finite in contrast to that (semi‐infinite) for second‐order differential equations and multiple critical damping coefficients exist. However, it turns out that the smaller one is practically meaningful. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Temporal changes in the phytoplankton community of the southern basin of Lake Baikal over the last 24,000 years recorded by photosynthetic pigments in a sediment core     

Yukinori Tani  Kota Kurihara  Fumiko Nara  Nobuyasu Itoh  Mitsuyuki Soma  Yuko Soma  Atsushi Tanaka  Minoru Yoneda  Masashi Hirota  Yasuyuki Shibata 《Organic Geochemistry》2002,33(12)

Photosynthetic pigments and other indicators of phytoplankton were analyzed in a dated undisturbed sediment core obtained from the southern basin of Lake Baikal to reveal temporal changes in the phytoplankton community in the lake through the last glacial/post-glacial transition. The sedimentation age of the core spans the last 24 ¹⁴C ka. Chlorophyll a, its derivatives, carotenoids and total organic carbon (TOC) started to increase after 15 ¹⁴C ka, and the onset of biogenic silica occurred at 10 ¹⁴C ka. This indicated that the post-glacial growth of diatoms was preceded by that of other phytoplankton groups. In the record of the pigments and TOC, a temporary decrease was observed in the period 11.5–10.5 ¹⁴C ka, corresponding to the Younger Dryas cold period. The similarity found between the depth profiles of pyropheophytin a and steryl chlorin esters formed through predation of phytoplankton by zooplankton and that of TOC suggested the important contribution of fecal pellets to sedimentary organic matter in the lake.  相似文献   

Coexistence of a Fluid Phase with Granitic Magma: Geochemical Characteristics of REE and Cu in Miyako Granite and in Scheelite-bearing Aplitic Veins at the Yamaguchi Cu-W Skarn Deposit, Iwate, Japan     

Takeyuki OGATA  Daizo ISHIYAMA  Toshio MIZUTA  Kazuo NAKASHIMA 《Resource Geology》2002,52(2):173-186

Abstract: The North granitic body of the Miyako pluton is located in the Northern Kitakami belt, Northeast Japan. The formation of the scheelite–chalcopyrite–magnetite–bearing aplitic veins and scheelite–chalcopyrite–magnetite–bearing Yamaguchi skarn deposit was closely associated with the formation of the Miyako plutons. Petrographic facies of the North granitic body vary from quartz diorite in marginal zone (zone A), to tonalite and granodiorite (zone B), and to granite (zone C) in the central. The large numbers of aplitic veins distributed around the Yamaguchi mining area are divided into two groups: barren and scheelite–mag–netite–chalcopyrite–bearing aplitic veins. The latter cut massive clinopyroxene skarns of the Yamaguchi deposit, and are composed of plagioclase, K‐feldspar and titanite. Some plagioclase crystals have dusty cores with irregularly shaped K‐feldspar flakes, and clear rims of albite. Textures of plagioclase in the mineralized aplitic veins are different from the idiomorphic textures with sharp plagioclase crystal boundaries that occur in the North granitic body and barren aplitic veins. These textural data suggest that the mineralized aplitic veins were formed from hydrothermal fluid. Changes in the contents of major and minor (Rb, Sr, Sc, Co, Th, U) elements in the North Miyako granitic body are similar to those of zoned plutons formed by typical magmatic differentiation processes. On the other hand, concentrations of REE, especially middle to heavy REE, of granitic rocks in zone C and barren aplitic veins are significantly lower than those of granitic rocks in zones A and B. The hypothetical chondrite‐normalized REE patterns, calculated assuming fractional crystallization from zone B granitic melt, suggest that REE concentrations of the residual melt increased with the degree of fractional crystallization, and changed into a pattern with enriched LREE and strongly negative Eu anomaly. However, the REE patterns of granitic rocks in zone C are different from the hypothetical patterns. Moreover, the REE patterns of magnetite–scheelite–chalcopyrite aplitic veins are quite different from those of granitic rocks. The Cu contents of granitic rocks in the North Miyako body increase from zone A (5–26 ppm) to zone B (10–26 ppm), and then clearly decrease to zone C (5–7 ppm) and drastically increase to the barren aplitic veins (39–235 ppm). Concentrations of Cu in the mineralized aplitic veins are also higher than those of the granitic rocks in zone C. The decrease in REE and Cu contents of granitic rocks from zone B to zone C is not a result of simple magmatic fractional differentiation. Fluid inclusions in quartz from mineralized aplitic veins contain 3.3 wt% NaCl equivalent and 5.8 wt% CO₂. It was also demonstrated experimentally that the removal of MREE and HREE by fluid from melt enabled the formation of complexes of REE and ligands of OH^‐ and CO₃^2‐. Based on the possibility that the melt of the granitic rocks of zone C and the mineralized aplitic veins coexisted with CO₂‐bearing fluid, it is thought that REE were extracted from the melt to the CO₂‐bearing fluid, and that the REE in the mineralized aplitic veins were transported by the CO₂‐bearing fluid. It is likely that the low HREE and Cu contents of the granitic rocks in zone C could have been caused by the removal of those elements from the granitic melt by the fluid coexisting with the melt. The expelled materials could have been the sources of scheelite–magnetite–chalcopyrite–bearing aplitic veins and copper mineralization of the Yamaguchi Cu‐W skarn deposit.  相似文献   

Paleotectonic structures and their influence on recent seismo-tectonics in the south Kuril subduction zone     

Junzo  Kasahara  Toshinori  Sato  Kimihiro  Mochizuki Kazuo  Kobayashi 《Island Arc》1997,6(3):267-280

Abstract Bathymetric data from south of Hokkaido obtained during a cruise of R/V Hakuho-Maru are summarized, and their correlation with earthquake occurrence is discussed. There are structural lineations on the seaward slope of the Kuril Trench, oblique to the Kuril Trench axis and parallel to the magnetic lineations in the Pacific plate. The structural lineations comprise horst-grabens generated by normal faulting. This suggests that Cretaceous tectonic structures originating at the spreading centre affect present seismotectonics around the trench axis. The structural-magnetic relation is compared to the case of the Japan Trench. North-east of the surveyed area, there are two major fracture zones (Nosappu Fracture Zone and Iturup Fracture Zone) that divide the oceanic plate into three segments. If the fracture zones (FZ) and the zone of paleo-mechanical weakness, represented by magnetic lineations, can control the direction of normal faults at a trench, the extent of the resulting topographic roughness on the seaward slope of the trench would be different across an FZ because of the differences in ages. By studying recent large earthquakes occurring in the south Kuril region, it is shown that several main-aftershock distributions for large earthquakes in this region are bounded by the Nosappu FZ and the Iturup FZ. Two models (Barrier model and Rebound model) are presented to interpret earthquake occurrence near the south Kuril Islands. The Barrier model explains seismic boundaries seen in several examples for earthquake occurrence in the south Kuril regions. The fracture zone forming the boundary of two segments with different magnetic lineations is also the boundary of two different normal fault systems on their ocean bottom, and the difference in sea-bottom roughness between two normal fault systems should affect the seismic coupling at a plate interface. Due to the difference of seismic coupling, earthquake occurrence is controlled by an FZ and then the FZ acts as a seismic boundary (Barrier model). Existing normal faults created by plate bending of subducting oceanic plate should rebound after its subduction (Rebound model). This rebound of normal faults may cause intraplate earthquakes with a high-angle reverse-fault mechanism such as the 1994 Shikotan Earthquake. The energy released by an intraplate earthquake generated by normal-fault rebounding is not directly related to that of interplate earthquakes such as low-angle thrust earthquakes. It is a reason why large earthquakes occurred in the same region during a relatively short period.  相似文献   

Genetic and metamorphic conditions constrained by fluid inclusions from Paleoproterozoic (c. 1.8 Ga) magnesite ore deposits, NE Brazil     

Luiz Henrique Ronchi  Clvis Vaz Parente  Kazuo Fuzikawa  Artur Bastos Neto 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2008,25(4):492-500

Precambrian magnesite occurrences hosted by metadolomites from the Orós belt, Ceará, Brazil, are part of a greenschist–amphibolite, metavolcano-sedimentary terrain, dated at 1.8 Ga, cut by Meso- to Neoproterozoic Brasiliano granites and Neoproterozoic basic sills. These rocks were affected by a shear zone between 580 and 500 Ma. The magnesite-bearing marbles can be grouped as medium-grained (1–9 mm) at the Riacho Fundo ore deposit or sparry magnesite (1–15 cm) at the Cabeça de Negro ore deposit. The sparry magnesite shows textural characteristics related to original sedimentary structures. Both types of magnesite-bearing marbles contain aqueous and aqueous-carbonic fluid inclusions that yield homogenization temperatures between 170 and 370 °C. Applying a pressure correction, these temperatures are compatible with the evolution from greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphic conditions, as described in previous work on the Orós region. It also agrees with data in specialized literature on the metamorphism of carbonate rocks. Fluid inclusion distribution, composition, and physical-chemical characteristics suggest temperature increase, probably related to metamorphism on these rocks. The medium-grained magnesite records partial contamination of CO₂-rich inclusions by relict carbonaceous material (bitumen, hydrocarbons?) that favors, but does not confirm, a syngenetic sedimentary origin and could have caused the lowering of CO₂ melting point in these inclusions. Therefore, though textural evidence points to a sedimentary-diagenetic model, fluid inclusions record conditions of a metamorphic event.  相似文献   

Assessing the suitability of data from Sentinel-1A and 2A for crop classification     

Rei Sonobe  Yuki Yamaya  Hiroshi Tani  Xiufeng Wang  Nobuyuki Kobayashi  Kan-ichiro Mochizuki 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2017,54(6):918-938

Sentinel-1A C-SAR and Sentinel-2A MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) provide data applicable to the remote identification of crop type. In this study, six crop types (beans, beetroot, grass, maize, potato, and winter wheat) were identified using five C-SAR images and one MSI image acquired during the 2016 growing season. To assess the potential for accurate crop classification with existing supervised learning models, the four different approaches namely kernel-based extreme learning machine (KELM), multilayer feedforward neural networks, random forests, and support vector machine were compared. Algorithm hyperparameters were tuned using Bayesian optimization. Overall, KELM yielded the highest performance, achieving an overall classification accuracy of 96.8%. Evaluation of the sensitivity of classification models and relative importance of data types using data-based sensitivity analysis showed that the set of VV polarization data acquired on 24 July (Sentinel-1A) and band 4 data (Sentinel-2A) had the greatest potential for use in crop classification.  相似文献   

GEMS: Geothermal Expert Modeling System     

Madoka Harada  Shigeo Tezuka  Kazuo Hiyane  Masakatsu Sasada  Nobuya Narita 《Mathematical Geology》1994,26(8):899-915

In carrying out geothermal-energy development projects, an exhaustive study has to be conducted on the local subsurface geothermal system based on extensive geothermal surveys and well data. The New Energy and Industrial Development Organization has had an extensive geothermal research program under way since 1987, known as the Nationwide Geothermal Resources Exploration Project. In this program, the total analysis system, which is called the Geothermal Expert Modelling System (GEMS), has been developed to systematize all processes of building models of geothermal systems based on the various regional exploration data. The aim of the system is to select narrow promising areas (about 50–60 square kilometers) for more elaborate exploration from within a region extending over hundreds of square kilometers, by analyzing the various explorations, and by building a geothermal system model of the area. This scheme includes studies to consolidate individual geothermal survey data into an integrated data base and to work out a computer-aided support system for building geothermal models. It calls for the integration of these processes into a system on a user-friendly, engineering work-station that has sufficient graphic functions. An attempt was made to actually identify promising areas in regions covered by wide-area surveys on hydrothermal systems, using the proposed total analysis system.  相似文献