Mg-Fe partitioning between olivine and ultramafic melts at high pressures     

Kenji Mibe  Toshitsugu Fujii  Shigeaki Ono 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(3):757-766

Precise determination of the partitioning of Mg and Fe²⁺ between olivine and ultramafic melt has been made at pressures from 5 to 13 GPa using a MA-8 type multi-anvil high-pressure apparatus (PREM) installed at Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo. A very short rhenium capsule (<100 μm sample thickness) was adopted to minimize temperature variation within the sample container. Synthetic gels with the composition of the upper mantle peridotite were used as starting materials to promote the homogeneity. Analyses of quenched melts and coexisting olivines were made with an electron probe microanalyzer. The obtained partition coefficient, K_D [=(FeO/MgO)^ol/(FeO/MgO)^melt], decreases from 0.35 to 0.25 with increasing pressure from 5 to 13 GPa, suggesting a negative correlation between pressure and K_D above 5 GPa. Our result is consistent with a parabolic relationship between K_D and degree of polymerization (NBO/T) of melts reported by previous studies at lower pressures. The negative correlation between pressure and K_D suggests that olivine crystallizing in a magma ocean becomes more Mg-rich with depth and that primary magmas generated in the upper mantle become more Fe-rich with depth than previously estimated.  相似文献   

Climato-hydrological environment inferred from Lake Baikal sediments based on an automatic orbitally tuned age model     

Shinya?OchiaiEmail author  Kenji?Kashiwaya 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2005,33(3):303-311

We propose a new automatic orbital tuning algorithm to adjust climatic signals to insolation. This can tune two signals with periodicity only without shape similarity. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used as an optimizing method. The new age model for the Brunhes epoch in Lake Baikal core BDP98 defined climatic shifts at about 250 kyr B.P., 350 kyr B.P. and 700 kyr B.P. The sedimentation rate for the interval from 350 kyr B.P. to 700 kyr B.P. was comparatively low and stable. This new model also indicates that there was a stadial during the super interglacial period (MIS 11), and that the terrestrial response to climate change was complex in this period.  相似文献   

Future Projections of Precipitation Characteristics in East Asia Simulated by the MRI CGCM2   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Akio KITOH  Masahiro HOSAKA  Yukimasa ADACHI  Kenji KAMIGUCHI 《大气科学进展》2005,22(4):467-478

Projected changes in precipitation characteristics around the mid-21st century and end-of-the-century are analyzed using the daily precipitation output of the 3-member ensemble Meteorological Research Institute global ocean-atmosphere coupled general circulation model (MRI-CGCM2) simulations under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B2 scenarios. It is found that both the frequency and intensity increase in about 40% of the globe, while both the frequency and intensity decrease in about 20% of the globe. These numbers differ only a few percent from decade to decade of the 21st century and between the A2 and B2 scenarios. Over the rest of the globe (about one third), the precipitation frequency decreases but its intensity increases, suggesting a shift of precipitation distribution toward more intense events by global warming. South China is such a region where the summertime wet-day frequency decreases but the precipitation intensity increases. This is related to increased atmospheric moisture content due to global warming and an intensified and more westwardly extended North Pacific subtropical anticyclone, which may be related with an E1 Nin^-o-like mean sea surface temperature change. On the other hand, a decrease in summer precipitation is noted in North China, thus augmenting a south-to-north precipitation contrast more in the future.  相似文献   

Two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations of accretion discs in a close binary system     

Makoto Makita  †  Kenji Miyawaki  Takuya Matsuda 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,316(4):906-916

We perform 2D and 3D numerical simulations of an accretion disc in a close binary system using the simplified flux vector splitting (SFS) finite volume method. In our calculations, the gas is assumed to be ideal with γ =1.01, 1.05, 1.1 and 1.2 . The mass ratio of the mass-losing star to the mass-accreting star is unity. Our results show that spiral shocks are formed on the accretion disc in all cases. In 2D calculations we find that the smaller γ is, the more tightly the spiral winds. We observe this trend in 3D calculations as well in a somewhat weaker sense. Mach numbers in our discs are less than 10. These values are lower than the values in observed accretion discs in close binary systems.
Recently, Steeghs, Harlaftis & Horne found the first convincing evidence for spiral structure in the accretion disc of the eclipsing dwarf nova binary IP Pegasi, using the technique known as Doppler tomography. Although the Mach numbers in present calculations are rather low, we may claim that the spiral structure that we discovered in earlier numerical simulations is now found observationally.  相似文献   

Volcanic events associated with an enigmatic submarine earthquake     

Hiroko Sugioka  Yoshio Fukao  Toshihiko Kanazawa  & Kenji Kanjo 《Geophysical Journal International》2000,142(2):361-370

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New radioisotope-free method for measuring bacterial production using [15N5]-2′-deoxyadenosine and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) in aquatic environments     

Kenji Tsuchiya  Tomoharu Sano  Nobuyuki Kawasaki  Hideki Fukuda  Noriko Tomioka  Koji Hamasaki  Yuya Tada  Shinji Shimode  Tatsuki Toda  Akio Imai 《Journal of Oceanography》2015,71(6):675-683

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Energy-balance mechanisms underlying consistent large-scale temperature responses in warm and cold climates     

Kenji Izumi  Patrick J. Bartlein  Sandy P. Harrison 《Climate Dynamics》2015,44(11-12):3111-3127

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Inter‐annual variations and factors controlling evapotranspiration in a temperate Japanese cypress forest          下载免费PDF全文

Kenji Tsuruta  Yoshiko Kosugi  Satoru Takanashi  Makoto Tani 《水文研究》2016,30(26):5012-5026

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of climatic variability on inter‐annual variations in each component of evapotranspiration (ET) and the total ET in a temperate coniferous forest in Japan. We conducted eddy covariance flux and meteorological measurements for 7 years and parameterized a one‐dimensional multi‐layer biosphere‐atmosphere model (Kosugi et al., 2006 ) that partitions ET to transpiration (Tr), wet‐canopy evaporation (E_wet), and soil evaporation (E_soil). The model was validated with the observed flux data. Using the model, the components of ET were estimated for the 7 years. Annual precipitation, ET, Tr, E_wet, and E_soil over the 7 years were 1536 ± 334 mm, 752 ± 29 mm, 425 ± 37 mm, 219 ± 34 mm, and 108 ± 10 mm, respectively. The maximum inter‐annual fluctuation of observed ET was 64 mm with a coefficient of variance (CV) of 2.7%, in contrast to relatively large year‐to‐year variations in annual rainfall (CV = 20.1%). Tr was related to the vapour pressure deficit, incoming radiation, and air temperature with relatively small inter‐annual variations (CV = 8.2%). E_soil (CV = 8.6%) was related mainly to the vapour pressure deficit. E_wet was related to precipitation with large inter‐annual variations (CV = 14.3%) because of the variability in precipitation. The variations in E_wet were counterbalanced by the variations in Tr and E_soil, producing the small inter‐annual variations in total ET. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The ultra-low-frequency associated with magnetic disturbances earthquakes     

Masashi Hayakawa  Yasuhide Hobara  Kenji Ohta  Katsumi Hattori 《地震学报(英文版)》2011,(6):523-534

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Diffusion and sorption of Cs, I and HTO in samples of the argillaceous Wakkanai Formation from the Horonobe URL, Japan: Clay-based modeling approach     

Yukio Tachi  Kenji Yotsuji  Yoshimi Seida  Mikazu Yui 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(22):6742-6759

Diffusion and sorption behaviors of cationic Cs⁺, anionic I⁻ and neutral HTO in samples of the Wakkanai Formation from the Horonobe underground research laboratory (URL), Japan, were investigated as a function of ionic strength (I) of synthetic groundwater by through-diffusion and batch sorption experiments and mechanistic modeling. The effective diffusivities (D_e) measured by through-diffusion experiments showed cation excess and anion exclusion effects, which were strongly dependent on I; D_e for Cs⁺ decreased as I increased, D_e for I⁻ showed the opposite dependency and D_e for HTO showed no dependence. The sorption of Cs⁺ measured by through-diffusion and batch sorption experiments were described by Freundlich isotherms with consistent parameters and decreased with I as a result of competitive ion exchange.Diffusion and sorption behaviors were interpreted by assuming the clay components of illite and smectite control diffusion and sorption mechanisms. The component additive (CA) sorption model, which includes illite and smectite contents and their ion exchange constants, provided a reasonable account of the Cs⁺ sorption trends measured as functions of I and Cs concentration. The diffusion model was developed by coupling the electrical double layer (EDL) model, describing the change of ionic concentrations (cation excess and anion deficit) and viscoelectric effects caused by electrostatic interaction at negatively charged clay surfaces, and a simplified pore model assuming one type of pore shape and includes their size distribution. When averaging the electrostatic effects by using the pore surface area distribution, the model could predict the cation excess and anion exclusion effects, and its dependence on I reasonably well. This result implies the nanoscale pores dominating the pore surface area can strongly impact on ionic diffusion in argillaceous rocks. The clay-based modeling approach described here provides a useful tool to predict ionic diffusion and sorption in argillaceous rocks.  相似文献