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31.
Arash Adib Milad Mahmoudian Kafshgar Kalaee Mohammad Mahmoudian Shoushtari Keivan Khalili 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(9):208
In this research, the main hydrological characteristics (such as trend, stationarity, and normalization of hydrological data) of the Kasilian watershed are considered from 1970 to 2009. For forecasting of discharge, gene expression programming (GEP) method is applied. Normality and stationarity of time series are necessary for application of GEP method. For this purpose, third edition of Mann-Kendall trend test and skewness test are used for detection of trend and normalization of data, respectively. Also, five methods are applied for detection of stationarity of data. Modified Mann-Kendall trend test and Theil and Sen’s median slope method illustrate that annual and monthly precipitation data have slight decreasing trend, annual and monthly discharge data have insignificant decreasing trend, and annual and monthly temperature data have an increasing trend. Skewness test illustrates that annual, monthly, and daily discharge and precipitation data are not normal. By using logarithm function, skewness is minimized and symmetry of data is improved. After normalization of time series by logarithm function, five methods are applied for testing of stationarity of time series. These methods show that different normalized time series are stationarity and stationarity of time series is improved by elimination of periodic properties of data. For forecasting of daily discharge by GEP method, 85% of data are used for training and 15% of data are used for testing. By using data of 3 days ago, the GEP has the best efficiency. Coefficient of correlation (CC), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute relative error (MARE) are 0.9, 0.495 lit/s, 0.288 lit/s, and 0.053, respectively. 相似文献
32.
Dr. H. Khalili 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1972,18(2):79-104
Zusammenfassung 139 Proben von Gesteinen und Mineralen des Villacher Granites und von Pegmatitvorkommen im Kärntner Altkristallin (Kärnten/Österreich) sowie vergleichsweise 13 Proben von anderen Pegmatiten der Ostalpen und solchen der Böhmischen Masse wurden mit Hilfe flammenphotometrischer, emissionsspektrographischer, röntgenfluoreszenzspektrometrischer und teilweise auch gammaspektrometrischer Methoden auf die Elemente Li, Na, K, Rb, Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Sc, Y, Yb, (Th, U), Ti, Zr, Ni und Ga analysiert.Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß zwischen dem voralpidischen Villacher Granit und dem pegmatitischen und aplitischen Ganggefolge im Kärntner Altkristallin zwischen Ossiacher See und Drautal Blutsverwandtschaft bestehen sollte.Mit zunehmender Größe des Pegmatitvorkommens und offenbar auch mit Annäherung an den Granit nimmt der Gehalt an Li, Rb, Be, B, Ga und Pb zu, der Gehalt an Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Sc u. a. hingegen ab. Das K/Rb-Verhältnis ist ebenso ein verläßlicher Indikator. In kleineren Pegmatitkörpern nähert sich der Gehalt der pegmatophilen Spurenelemente dem des Nebengesteins.Es werden Abhängigkeiten zwischen Mindestkonzentrationen und Mineralisationen gefunden: Granite der Ostalpen mit Berylliumgehalten über 5 ppm Be lassen Beryllmineralisationen in ihren Pegmatiten erwarten. In Pegmatit-Proben mit über 50 ppm Be sind unter dem Mikroskop Beryllnädelchen nachweisbar.Zinnstein tritt auf, wenn das Pegmatitgestein mehr als 20 ppm Sn enthält, Spodumen bei>0,1% Li und Xenotim bei>20 ppm Y.
Mit 7 Abbildungen 相似文献
Contribution to the geochemistry of some pegmatites in the Eastern Alps
Summary 139 samples of rocks and minerals from the granite of Villach and from pegmatites of the Carinthian Old Cristalline Complex (Austria) and additional 13 samples for comparison purposes from other pegmatites in the Eastern Alps and the Bohemian Mass were analyzed for the elements Li, Na, K, Rb, Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Sc, Y, Yb, (Th, U), Ti, Zr, Mn, Co, Ni, and Ga using flamephotometric, emission-spectrographic, x-ray-fluorescence spectrometric and partially gamma-spectrometric methods.It could be shown that the prealpidic granite of Villach and the pegmatites of the Carinthian Old Cristalline Complex lying between the Lake of Ossiach and the Drau Valley are probably consanquineous. The contents of Li, Rb, Be, B, Ga, and Pb increase with the size of the pegmatite and with increasing proximity to the granite. Other elements, like Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Sc, show the reverse relation.Also the K/Rb-ratio is a good indicator. The trace-element content of small pegmatite bodies approaches that of the wall rocks.Relationships between the concentration of some elements and the mineralization have been found: One may expect beryllium minerals in pegmatites of granites of the Eastern Alps if the granite contains more than 5 ppm Be. Pegmatites samples containing more than 50 ppm Be show needles of beryll under the microscope. Cassiterite appeares, if the content of the pegmatitic rock reaches 20 ppm Sn, spodumen, if it exceeds 0,1% Li, and Xenotim, if it exceeds 20 ppm Y.
Mit 7 Abbildungen 相似文献
33.
A. Ganji K. Ponnambalam D. Khalili M. Karamouz 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2006,20(4):259-277
A new method of reliability analysis for crop water production function is presented considering crop water demand uncertainty. The procedure uses an advanced first-order second moment (AFOSM) method in evaluating the crop yield failure probability. To determine the variance and the mean of actual evapotranspiration as the component of interest for AFOSM analysis, an explicit stochastic optimization model for optimal irrigation scheduling is developed based on the first and second-order moment analysis of the soil moisture state variables. As a result of the study, the violation probabilities of crop yield at different levels were computed from AFOSM method. Also using the optimization results and the double bounded density function estimation methodology, the weekly soil moisture density function is derived which can be used as a short term reliability index. The proposed approach does not involve any discretization of system variables. The results of reliability analysis and optimization model compare favorably with those obtained from simulation. 相似文献
34.
35.
A comprehensive framework to define the constitutive behaviour of unsaturated soils is developed within the theory of mixtures applied to three‐phase porous media. Each of the three phases is endowed with its own strain and stress. Elastic and elastic–plastic constitutive equations are developed. Particular emphasis is laid on the interactions between the phases both in the elastic and plastic regimes. Nevertheless, the clear structure of the constitutive equations requires a minimal number of material parameters. Their identification is provided: in particular, it incorporates directly the soil–water characteristic curve. Crucial to the formulation is an appropriate definition of the effective stress. The coupled influence of this effective stress and of suction makes it possible to describe qualitatively many of the characteristic features observed in experiments, e.g. for normally consolidated soils, a plastic behaviour up to air entry followed by an elastic behaviour at increasing suctions, and, on the way back, an elastic behaviour, unless compression is applied in which case plastic collapse occurs. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
36.
Ali Meshgi Davar Khalili 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2009,23(1):137-152
As part II of a sequence of two papers, previously developed L-moments by Hosking (1990), and the LH-moments by Wang (1997) are further investigated. The LH-moments (L to L4) are used to develop the regional parameters of the generalized extreme value distribution, generalized Pareto (GPA) distribution
and the generalized logistic (GLO) distributions. These respective probability distribution functions (PDFs) are evaluated
in terms of their performances. Flood peaks by the corresponding PDFs are compared with those generated by Monte Carlo simulation
of randomized data, considering the respective LH-moments. The influence of the LH-moments on estimated PDFs are studied by
evaluating the relative bias (RBIAS) in quantile estimation due to variability of the k parameter. Karkhe watershed located in western Iran was used as a case
study area. Part I of this study identified the study area as regions A and B. The minimum calculated relative root mean square
error (RRMSE) and RBIAS between simulated flood peaks and flood peaks by the corresponding PDFs were used in PDF selection, considering the respective
LH-moments. The boxplots of the RRMSE tests identified the L3 level of the GPA distribution as the suitable PDF for sample sizes 20 and 80; for region A. Similar results were found for
the RBIAS test. As for region B, the boxplots of the RRMSE tests indicated similar results for the three PDFs. However, the boxplots of the RBIAS tests identified the L4 level of the GLO most suitable for sample sizes 20 and 80. Relative efficiencies of the LH-moments were investigated, measured
as RRMSE ratios of L-moments over the respective LH-moments. For the most parts the findings of this part of the study were similar
to those of part I. 相似文献
37.
In this paper, a study is made of the generalization of constitutive models for geomaterials from two‐dimensional stress and strain states to three‐dimensional stress and strain states. Existing methods of model generalization are reviewed and their deficiencies are highlighted. A new method is proposed based on geometries of the model imprints on two normal planes. Using the proposed method, various three‐dimensional failure criterions suitable for geomaterials are implemented directly into a two‐dimensional model and the generalized model is identical to its original form for the axially symmetric condition. To demonstrate the application of the proposed method, the Modified Cam Clay model is extended using the Matsuoka–Nakai failure criterion. Simulations of soil behaviour for loading in the principal stress space are presented and analysed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
38.
Thermal recovery from a hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir viewed as a deformable fractured medium is investigated with a focus on the assumption of local thermal non‐equilibrium (LTNE). Hydraulic diffusion, thermal diffusion, forced convection and deformation are considered in a two‐phase framework, the solid phase being made by impermeable solid blocks separated by saturated fractures. The finite element approximation of the constitutive and field equations is formulated and applied to obtain the response of a generic HDR reservoir to circulation tests. A change of time profile of the outlet fluid temperature is observed as the fracture spacing increases, switching from a single‐step pattern to a double‐step pattern, a feature which is viewed as characteristic of established LTNE. A dimensionless number is proposed to delineate between local thermal equilibrium (LTE) and non‐equilibrium. This number embodies local physical properties of the mixture, elements of the geometry of the reservoir and the production flow rate. All the above properties being fixed, the resulting fracture spacing threshold between LTNE and LTE is found to decrease with increasing porosity or fluid velocity. The thermally induced effective stress is tensile near the injection well, illustrating the thermal contraction of the rock, while the pressure contribution of the fracture fluid is negligible during the late period. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
39.
.Dr. H. Khalili 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1977,24(3):151-160
Summary Pegmatitic dikes and masses of various sizes occur in a granite intrusion in the Mashad area, northeastern Iran. Their geochemistry, as well as that of the parent granite was investigated using some 40 specimens. Major constituents and trace elements were determined by means of X-ray fluorescence and spectrographic methods. Anomalously high concentrations of Be and Nb and indications of their minerals beryl and columbite were observed. Therefore, the pegmatites of this area may prove to be a potential source for Be, Nb, Ta and possibly Li.
With 1 Figure 相似文献
Mineralogische und geochemische Untersuchung einiger Pegmatite aus der Gegend von Mashad, Nordost-Iran
Zusammenfassung In einer Granitintrusion in der Gegend von Mashad, Nordost-Iran, kommen pegmatitische Gänge und Massen verschiedener Größe vor. Unter Verwendung von etwa 40 Proben wurde ihre Geochemie und die ihres Muttergranites untersucht. Die Hauptbestandteile und Spurenelemente wurden mit Röntgenfluoreszenz und spektrographischen Methoden bestimmt. Außergewöhnlich hohe Konzentrationen an Be und Nb und Hinweise auf ihre Minerale Beryll und Columbit wurden beobachtet. Die Pegmatite dieser Gegend könnten sich folglich als potentielle Lieferanten für Be, Nb, Ta und möglicherweise Li herausstellen.
With 1 Figure 相似文献
40.
Increasing water demands, higher standards of living, depletion of resources of acceptable quality and excessive water pollution due to agricultural and industrial expansions have caused intense social and political predicaments, and conflicting issues among water consumers. The available techniques commonly used in reservoir optimization/operation do not consider interaction, behavior and preferences of water users, reservoir operator and their associated modeling procedures, within the stochastic modeling framework. In this paper, game theory is used to present the associated conflicts among different consumers due to limited water. Considering the game theory fundamentals, the Stochastic Dynamic Nash Game with perfect information (PSDNG) model is developed, which assumes that the decision maker has sufficient (perfect) information regarding the associated randomness of reservoir operation parameters. The simulated annealing approach (SA) is applied as a part of the proposed stochastic framework, which makes the PSDNG solution conceivable. As a case study, the proposed model is applied to the Zayandeh-Rud river basin in Iran with conflicting demands. The results are compared with alternative reservoir operation models, i.e., Bayesian stochastic dynamic programming (BSDP), sequential genetic algorithm (SGA) and classical dynamic programming regression (DPR). Results show that the proposed model has the ability to generate reservoir operating policies, considering interactions of water users, reservoir operator and their preferences. 相似文献