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排序方式: 共有441条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
361.
Akio Makishima Hiroshi Kitagawa Eizo Nakamura 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2011,35(1):57-67
A method for the simultaneous determination of Cd with In, Tl and Bi by isotope dilution‐internal standardisation (ID‐IS) ICP‐QMS using the same aliquot for rare earth element and other trace element determinations was developed. Samples mixed with an enriched 149Sm spike were decomposed using a HF‐HClO4 mixture, which was evaporated and then diluted with HNO3. After determination of Sm by ID‐ICP‐QMS and Cd, In, Tl and Bi concentrations were determined using the 149Sm intensity as an internal standard. The interference of MoO+ on Cd+ was corrected using the MoO+/Mo+ ratio separately measured using a Mo standard solution, and the validity of the externally determined oxide‐forming ratio correction was evaluated. The MoO+/Mo+ ratios measured using the standard solution and samples were ~ 0.0002 and < 0.002, respectively. Detection limits for Cd, In, Tl and Bi in silicate samples were at levels of < 1 ng g?1 with a total uncertainty of < 7%. Cadmium in the carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil (CI1), Murchison (CM2) and Allende (CV3) as well as Cd, In, Tl and Bi in the reference materials, JB‐2, JB‐3, JA‐1, JA‐2, JA‐3, JP‐1 (GSJ), BHVO‐1, AGV‐1, PCC‐1 and DTS‐1 (USGS) and NIST SRM 610, 612, 614 and 616 were determined to show the applicability of this method. 相似文献
362.
A simple law of wear rate is examined for the process of gouge generation during the frictional sliding of simulated faults in rocks, by use of the Pi theorem method (dimensional analysis) and existing experimental data. The relationship between wear rate (t/d) and the applied stress can be expressed by the power-law relations $$\frac{t}{d} = C_\sigma \sigma ^{m\sigma } ,\frac{t}{d} = C_\tau \tau ^{m\tau }$$ wheret is the thickness of the gouge generated on the frictional surfaces,d is the fault displacement, σ and τ are normal stress and shear stress, respectively, andC σ,C τ,m σ andm τ are constants. These results indicate that the exponent coefficientsm σ andm τ and the coefficientsC σ andC τ depend on the material hardness of the frictional surfaces. By using the wear rates of natural faults, these power-law relationships may prove to be an acceptable palaeopiezometer of natural faults and the lithosphere. 相似文献
363.
Recent studies of sediment delivery and budgets in the United States indicate that upland erosion rates at a given time may not explain contemporaneous sediment yields from a drainage basin. This suggests temporal discontinuities in sediment delivery associated with hillslope and channel storage processes. Integration of sediment production, storage and transport is essential to understand sediment routing in basins. We analysed each process chronologically using aerial photographs, monitoring data of sediment movement and annual tree-rings, and then compared estimated temporal changes in sediment production from hillslopes, floodplain disturbance areas and sediment transport in river channels. Toeslopes, floodplains and alluvial fans together contained 59 per cent of sediment eroded from uplands over the last 30 years. Monitoring results of riverbed changes showed that the volume of stored sediment on floodplains decreased exponentially with succeeding floods. The age distribution of floodplain deposits reflected the disturbance history of a river channel, and followed an exponential decrease with age. The results of this study may have important implications for sediment control plans for watersheds in steep regions. 相似文献
364.
Short-term and intermediate-term geochemical precursors 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Detection of precursory phenomena in observation data is essential to earthquake prediction studies. Continuous monitoring of radon concentration in groundwater in Japan in one case showed a short-term anomaly related to a nearby earthquake. With the exception of the 1978 Izu-Oshimakinkai earthquake (M7.0), however, no abnormal change has been noted. This may be due partially to difficulty in detecting insignificant precursory signals from observation data, which ordinarily contains a noise-induced fluctuations, and partially to lack of understanding of the mechanism controlling the appearance of precursory phenomena. In order to increase our knowledge of the variation pattern of precursory changes in radon concentration of groundwater, hydrologic precursors with significant features are examined in this paper. Complexity of appearance of precursory phenomena and problems in assignment of the specific earthquake are discussed. 相似文献
365.
The formation mechanism of the nocturnal urban boundary layer (UBL), especially in the winter nighttime, was investigated based on the extensive field observations conducted during November 1984 in Sapporo, Japan. A strong, elevated inversion formed over the Sapporo urban area and the inversion base height was approximately twice the average building height. Velocity fluctuations
u, w and Reynolds stress % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG1bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaam4DamaaCaaa% leqabaGaaGymaaaaaaaaaa!3A9C!\[\overline {u^1 w^1 } \] had nearly uniform profiles within the nocturnal UBL and decreased with height above the UBL. On the other hand, temperature fluctuations
t
, and heat fluxes % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG1bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaeqiUde3aaWba% aSqabeaacaaIXaaaaaaaaaa!3B56!\[\overline {u^1 \theta ^1 } \] and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG3bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaeqiUde3aaWba% aSqabeaacaaIXaaaaaaaaaa!3B58!\[\overline {w^1 \theta ^1 } \] had peaks at the inversion base and small values within the nocturnal UBL. The turbulent kinetic energy budget showed that the turbulent transport term and shear generation from urban canopy elements are important in the nocturnal UBL development; the role of the buoyancy term is small. The turbulence data analysis and application of a simple advective model showed that the mechanism of UBL formation may be controlled by the downward transport of sensible heat from the elevated inversion caused by mechanically-generated turbulence.Nomenclature
g
accelaration due to gravity, m s-2
-
k
turbulent kinetic energy, m2 s-1
-
K
m
eddy viscosity, m2 s-1
-
L
Monin-Obukhov lenght, m
-
p
pressure, Kg m-2
-
U, V, W
mean wind speed in the downwind, crosswind, and vertical directions, respectively, m s-1
-
u
1, w
1
wind speed fluctuation in the downwind and vertical direction, respectively, m s-1
-
u
1
friction velocity, m s-1
- % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG1bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaam4DamaaCaaa% leqabaGaaGymaaaaaaaaaa!3A9C!\[\overline {u^1 w^1 } \]
momentum flux, m2s-2
- % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG1bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaam4DamaaCaaa% leqabaGaaGymaaaaaaaaaa!3A9C!\[\overline {u^1 \theta^1 } \]
sensible heat flux, m2s-1°C
-
WD
wind direction, deg
-
WS
wind speed, m s-1
-
z
altitude, m
-
Z
h
inversion base height, m
-
Z
j
wind maximum height, m
-
Z
t
inversion top height, m
-
T
u-r
heat island intensity, °C
-
temperature lapse rate at rural site, °C m-1
-
energy dissipation rate, m2s-3
-
1
Potential temperature fluctuation, °C
-
*
scaling temperature, (=-% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG1bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaeqiUde3aaWba% aSqabeaacaaIXaaaaaaaaaa!3B56!\[\overline {u^1 \theta ^1 } \]/u*) °C
-
mean potential temperature fluctuation, K
-
density of air, Kgm-3
-
K
von Kármán constant (=0.4)
- u, v, w
standard deviation of wind speed in the downwind, crosswind, and vertical directions, respectively, m s-1
-
standard diviation of temperature, °C 相似文献
366.
367.
M. Yagi Y. Nakamura M. Doi K. Shimasaku S. Okamura 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,368(1):211-220
We investigate the behaviour of the asymmetry parameter A as a morphological parameter using a 'volume-limited' sample of 349 galaxies (distance ≤25 Mpc, MV ≤−18.5 mag) and a larger magnitude-limited sample of 707 nearby galaxies. We confirm the correlation of A with morphological type. The late-type galaxies (Sdm, Sm and Im) have larger A than early-type galaxies, and they tend to have larger A than spiral galaxies. We investigate the usefulness of the A versus concentration index C in diagram as a tool for the regular–irregular and early–late classification. The diagram is not very useful to the regular versus late-type irregular classification, as inferred previously, but it is found to be useful to the early–late classification. 相似文献
368.
S. Benetti M. Turatto S. Balberg L. Zampieri S. L. Shapiro E. Cappellaro K. Nomoto T. Nakamura P. A. Mazzali F. Patat 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,322(2):361-368
We present a new set of spectroscopic and photometric data extending the observations of SN 1997D to over 400 d after the explosion. These observations confirm the peculiar properties of SN 1997D, such as the very low abundance of 56 Co (0.002 M⊙ ) and the low expansion velocity of the ejecta (∼1000 km s−1 ). We discuss the implications of these observations for the character of the progenitor and the nature of the remnant, showing that a Crab-like pulsar or an accreting neutron star formed in the explosion of a low-mass progenitor should already have produced a detectable luminosity at this epoch, in contrast with photometric data. On the other hand, the explosion of a high-mass progenitor with the formation of a black hole is consistent with the available observations. The consequences of this conclusion regarding the nature of the explosion and the prospects of directly identifying the black hole are also addressed. 相似文献
369.
Hiroshi A. Takahashi Eiichi Konohira Tetsuya Hiyama Masayo Minami Toshio Nakamura Naohiro Yoshida 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2002,54(2):97-109
Diurnal variation in the atmospheric CO2 concentration and the carbon isotopic composition (Δ14 C and δ13 C) was measured in a forest in an urban area on 9 February 1999. The carbon isotope approach used in the present study differentiated between the quantitative contributions from anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 sources in the urban atmosphere. The anthropogenic (fossil fuel) and biogenic (soil respiration) contributions was estimated, and they ranged from 1 to 16% and from 2 to 8% of the total atmospheric CO2 . The diurnal variation of the anthropogenic CO2 was the major cause of the total atmospheric CO2 variation, while the biogenic CO2 remained relatively constant throughout the day. Estimating the contribution of soil respired CO2 provided the mean residence time of soil respired CO2 within the forest atmosphere. 相似文献
370.
Abstract— From November 1998 to January 1999, the 39th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) conducted a large‐scale micrometeorite collection at 3 areas in the meteorite ice field around the Yamato Mountains, Antarctica. The Antarctic micrometeorites (AMMs) collected were ancient cosmic dust particles. This is in contrast with the Dome Fuji AMMs, which were collected previously from fresh snows in 1996 and 1997 and which represent modern micrometeorites. To determine the noble gas concentrations and isotopic compositions of individual AMMs, noble gas analyses were carried out using laser‐gas extraction for 35 unmelted Yamato Mountains AMMs and 3 cosmic spherules. X‐ray diffraction analyses were performed on 13 AMMs before the noble gas measurement and mineral compositions were determined. AMMs are classified into 4 main mineralogical groups, defined from the heating they suffered during atmospheric entry. Heating temperatures of AMMs, inferred from their mineral compositions, are correlated with 4He concentrations and reflect the effect of degassing during atmospheric entry. Jarosite, an aqueous alteration product, is detected for 4 AMMs, indicating the aqueous alteration during long‐time storage in Antarctic ice. Jarosite‐bearing AMMs have relatively low concentrations of 4He, which is suggestive of loss during the alteration. High 3He/4He ratios are detected for AMMs with high 20Ne/4He ratios, showing both cosmogenic 3He and preferential He loss. SEP (solar energetic particles)‐He and Ne, rather than the solar wind (SW), were dominant in AMMs, presumably showing a preferential removal of the more shallowly implanted SW by atmospheric entry heating. The mean 20Ne/22Ne ratio is 11.27 ± 0.35, which is close to the SEP value of 11.2. Cosmogenic 21Ne is not detected in any of the particles, which is probably due to the short cosmic ray exposure ages. Ar isotopic compositions are explained by 3‐component mixing of air, Q, and SEP‐Ar. Ar isotopic compositions can not be explained without significant contributions of Q‐Ar. SEP‐Ne contributed more than 99% of the total Ne. As for 36Ar and 38Ar, the abundance of the Q component is comparable to that of the SEP component. 84Kr and 132Xe are dominated by the primordial component, and solar‐derived Xe is almost negligible. 相似文献