Producing nature and making the state: Ordenamiento territorial in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia     

Kiran Asher 《Geoforum》2009,40(3):292-302

In this paper, we explore how ordenamiento territorial, a territorial zoning policy in the 1991 Colombian Constitution remakes nature and helps constitute the state in the “economically backward” but “biodiversity rich” Pacific lowlands region. We draw on Gramscian insights on hegemony and the importance of conjunctures to trace how changes in the new Constitution and global biogeopolitics reconfigure nature and state power through the mandates of sustainable development, economic growth, and the conservation of biological and cultural diversity. Finally, we contribute to the literature on political ecology by showing how the political power of the state, nature, and capital are interwoven materially and symbolically in complex and contradictory ways.  相似文献   

Remote Sensing Data Acquisition,Platforms and Sensor Requirements     

R R Navalgund  V Jayaraman  A S Kiran Kumar  Tara Sharma  Kurien Mathews  K K Mohanty  V K Dadhwal  M B Potdar  T P Singh  R Ghosh  V Tamilarasan  T T Medhavy 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1996,24(4):207-237

Although data available from various earth observation systems have been routinely used in many resource applications, however there have been gaps, and data needs of applications at different levels of details have not been met. There is a growing demand for availability of data at higher repetivity, at higher spatial resolution, in more and narrower spectral bands etc. Some of the thrust areas of applications particularly in the Indian context are;

1. Management of natural resources to ensure sustainable increase in agricultural production,
2. Study the state of the environment, its monitoring and assessment of the impact of. various development actions on the environment,
3. Updating and generation of large scale topographical maps.
4. Exploration/exploitation of marine and mineral resources and
5. Operational meteorology and studying various land and oceanic processes to understand/predict global climate changes.

Each of these thrust area of application has many components, related to basic resource areas such as agriculture, forestry, water resources, minerals, marine resources etc. and the field of cartography. Observational requirements for major applications have been summarized as under. Monitoring vegetation health from space remains the most important observational parameter with applications, in agriculture, forestry, environment, hydrology etc. Vegetation extent, quantity and temporal changes are the three main requirements which are not fully realized with RS data available. Vegetation productivity, forest biomass, canopy moisture status, canopy biogeochemistry are some examples. Crop production forecasting is an important application area. Remotely sensed data has been used for identification of crops and their acreage estimation. Fragmented holdings, large spread in crop calendars and different management practices continue to pose a challenge lo remote sensing. Remotely sensed data at much higher spatial resolution than hitherto available as well as at greater repetivity are required to meet this need. Non-availability of cloud-free data in the kharif season is one of the serious problems in operational use of remote sensing for crop inventory. Synthetic aperture radar data al X & Ku bands is necessary to meet this demand. Nutrient stress/disease detection requires observations in narrow spectral bands. In case of forestry applications, multispectral data at high spatial resolution of the order of 5 to 10 metres is required to make working plans at forest compartment level. Observations from space for deriving tree height are required for volume estimation. Observations in the middle infrared region would greatly enhance capability of satellite remote sensing in forest fire detection. Temporal, spatial and spectral observational requirements in various applications on vegetation viewing are diverse, as they address processes at different spatial and time scales. Hence, it would be worthwhile to address this issue in three broad categories. a) Full coverage, moderate spatial resolution with high repetivity (drought, large scale deforestation, forest phenology....). b) Full coverage, moderate to high spatial resolution and high repetivity (crop forecasting, vegetation productivity). c) Selected viewing at high spatial resolution, moderate to high repetivity and with new dimensions to imaging (narrow spectral bands, different viewing angles). A host of agrometeorological parameters are needed to be measured from space for their effective use in development of yield models. Estimation of root-zone soil moisture is an important area requiring radar measurements from space. Surface meteorological observations from space at the desired spatial and temporal distributions has not developed because of heavy demands placed on the sensor as well as analytical operational models. Agrometeorology not only provides quantitative inputs to other applications such as crop forecasting, hydrological models but also could be used for farmer advisory services by local bodies. Mineral exploration requires information on geological structures, geomorphology and lithology. Surface manifestation over localized regions requires large scale mapping while the lithology can be deciphered from specific narrow bands in visible. NIR, MIR and TIR regions. Sensors identified for mapping/cartography in conjunction with imaging spectrometer would seem to cover requirements of this application. Narrow spectral bands in the short regions which provide diagnostics of relevant geological phenomenon are necessary for mineral exploration. Thermal inertia measurements help in better discrimination of different rock units. Measurements from synthetic aperture data which would provide information on geological structures and geomorphology are necessary for mineral exploration. The applications related to marine environment fall in three major areas: (i) Ocean colour and productivity, biological resources; (ii) Land-ocean interface, this includes coastal landforms, bathymetry, littoral transport processes, etc. and; (iii) Physical oceanography, sea surface temperature, winds, wave spectra, energy and mass exchange between atmosphere and ocean. Measurement of chlorophyll concentration accurately on daily basis, sea surface temperature with an accuracy of 0.5 °K. and information on current patterns arc required for developing better fishery forecast models. Improved spatial resolution data are desirable for studying sediment and other coastal processes. Cartography is another important application area. The major problems encountered in relation to topographic map updation are location and geometric accuracy and information content. Two most important requirements for such an application are high spatial resolution data of 1 to 2 metre and stereo capability to provide vertical resolution of 1 metre. This requirement places stringent demands on the sensor specifications, geometric processing, platform stability and automated digital cartography. The requirements for the future earth observation systems based on different application needs can be summarized as follows:

1. Moderate spatial resolution (l50-300m), high repetivity (2 Days), minimum set of spectral bands (VIS, NIR, MIR. TIR) full coverage.
2. Moderate to high spatial resolution (20-40m), high repetivity (4-6 Days), spectral bands (VIS, MR, MIR, TIR) full coverage.
3. High spatial resolution (5-10m) muitispectral data with provision for selecting specific narrow bands (VIS, N1R. MIR), viewing from different angles.
4. Synthetic aperture radar operating in at least two frequencies (C, X, Ku), two incidence angles/polarizations, moderate to high spatial resolution (20-40m), high repetivity (4-6 Days).
5. Very high spatial resolution (1-2m) data in panchromatic band to provide terrain details at cadastral level (1:10,000).
6. Stereo capability (1-2m height resolution) to help planning/execution of development plans.
7. Moderate resolution sensor operating in VIS, NIR, MIR on a geostationary platform for observations at different sun angles necessary for the development of canopy reflectance inversion models.
8. Diurnal (at least two i.e. pre-dawn and noon) temperature measurements of the earth surface.
9. Ocean colour monitor with daily coverage.
10. Multi-frequency microwave radiometer, scatterometer. altimeter, atmospheric sounder, etc.

  相似文献   

Forest fires monitoring using envisat-aatsr data     

K. V. S. Badarinath  K. Madhavi Latha  T. R. Kiran Chand 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2004,32(4):317-322

Forests over Indian region are fire prone during summer season and effective means for monitoring such events is important. Satellite data with its repetitive and wide area coverage provides data sets required for monitoring such events. The advances in sensor technology and multi-satellite systems have improved capability for monitoring such events. The present study addresses forest fires monitoring using night time data sets of ENVISAT-AATSR data over Indian Region. The results of the study indicated that region specific algorithms are required for forest fire detection as soils in tropical regions have higher temperatures during night time.  相似文献   

Growth and water relation parameters in drought-stressed Coriaria nepalensis seedlings     

Kiran Bargali  Ashish Tewari 《Journal of Arid Environments》2004,58(4):1593

In the present study, growth and water relation parameters were analysed in drought-stressed Coriaria nepalensis Wall. seedlings. C. nepalensis seedlings were subjected to four drought cycles of 7, 14, 21, and 28-days, and to one control level (watered on alternate days) in a glasshouse. The seedlings failed to survive a 28-days drought during summer. Osmotic adjustment (defined as the decrease in osmotic potential at zero or full turgor in response to water deficit) was measured as the difference between the osmotic potential of seedlings watered on alternate days (control) and those subjected to 21-days drought cycle. Seedlings subjected to 21-days drought had a predawn water potential of −2.60 MPa, and showed an osmotic adjustment of −1.95 MPa at full turgor and −2.17 MPa at zero turgor. The growth of seedlings was positively related to moisture and with water potential. With decline in soil moisture the root:shoot ratio increased while leaf weight ratio decreased. Leaf characteristics, such as leaf number, leaf area, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area and leaf drop, were also affected by moisture stress. This study has indicated that osmotic adjustment is a major adaptive mechanism of C. nepalensis that aids successful regeneration of seedlings in degraded sites with inhospitable soil conditions.  相似文献   

Impact of Annular Solar Eclipse of 15 January 2010 on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Characteristics Over Thumba: A Case Study     

D.?Bala SubrahamanyamEmail author  T.?J.?Anurose  Mannil?Mohan  M.?Santosh  N.?V.?P.?Kiran Kumar  S.?Sijikumar 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2012,169(4):741-753

On 15 January 2010, Thumba (8.5°N, 76.9°E) witnessed one of the longest known noontime annular solar eclipses (ASEs) spanning a period of about 7 min, centered at 1314 hours local time. In this research article, we present a case study on the behaviour of the atmospheric boundary layer characteristics and its vertical structure in response to this rare celestial event by making use of a suite of different in-situ instruments. During the peak period of the ASE, the incoming solar irradiance was dimmed by about 87% of its normal values, resulting in a significant reduction in the magnitudes of turbulent kinetic energy and surface-layer turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum. The intensity and vertical thickness of the sea/land breeze circulation cell over the study domain also weakened. However, the mixed layer heights determined from balloon-borne GPS Radiosonde did not show any appreciable changes. Analysis of vertical profiles of thermodynamic parameters in association with the wind direction during ASE indicated the formation of a double mixed layer between 700 and 1500 m and is attributed to horizontal advection of a different airmass at those altitudes.  相似文献