Second-order interpolation of later-arrival traveltimes     

Claudia Vanelle  Jan Dettmer  Dirk Gajewski 《Geophysical Prospecting》2006,54(2):167-176

The performance of a 3D prestack migration of the Kirchhoff type can be significantly enhanced if the computation of the required stacking surface is replaced by an efficient and accurate method for the interpolation of diffraction traveltimes. Thus, input traveltimes need only be computed and stored on coarse grids, leading to considerable savings in CPU time and computer storage. However, interpolation methods based on a local approximation of the traveltime functions fail in the presence of triplications of the wavefront or later arrivals. This paper suggests a strategy to overcome this problem by employing the coefficients of a hyperbolic traveltime expansion to locate triplications and correct for the resulting errors in the interpolated traveltime tables of first and later arrivals.  相似文献   

Synchronicity in Climate and Vegetation Transitions Between Europe and North America During the Holocene     

K. Gajewski  André E. Viau  Michael Sawada  David E. Atkinson  Philippe Fines 《Climatic change》2006,78(2-4):341-361

Interpreting the postglacial climate history of the European continent using pollen data has proven difficult due in part to human modification of the landscape. Separating climate from human-caused changes in the vegetation requires a strategy for determining times of change across the entire region. We quantified transitions in the vegetation across Europe during the past 12,000 years using a mixture model approach on two datasets: radiocarbon dates from pollen diagrams and zone boundaries from selected reference sites. Major transitions in the vegetation, as recorded in pollen diagrams, appear synchronous across the continent. These transitions were also synchronous with those identified in North America pollen diagrams and major environmental changes recorded in North Atlantic marine records and Greenland ice cores. This synchronicity suggests that the major vegetation transitions in Europe during the Holocene and late glacial were primarily caused by large-scale atmospheric circulation change. These climate changes may have caused some of the cultural, political and migration changes in European societies during the Holocene.  相似文献   

Determination of geometrical spreading from traveltimes     

Claudia Vanelle  Dirk Gajewski 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2003,54(3-4):391

Geometrical spreading plays an important role for amplitude preserving migration, which is a very time-consuming process. In order to achieve efficiency in terms of computational time and, particularly, storage space, we propose a method to determine geometrical spreading from coarsely gridded traveltime tables. The method is based on a hyperbolic traveltime expansion and provides also a fast and accurate algorithm for the interpolation of traveltimes, including the interpolation of complete shots. Examples demonstrate the applicability of the method to isotropic and anisotropic media.  相似文献   

Reverse modelling for seismic event characterization   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Dirk Gajewski  Ekkehart Tessmer 《Geophysical Journal International》2005,163(1):276-284

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Possible outburst floods from debris-covered glaciers in the Sierra Nevada, California   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sarah K. Konrad 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1998,80(3-4):183-192

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Imaging of complex basin structures with the common reflection surface (CRS) stack method   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Elive Menyoli  Dirk Gajewski  Christian Hübscher 《Geophysical Journal International》2004,157(3):1206-1216

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Quality Assurance of Hydrocarbon Measurements for the German Tropospheric Research Focus (TFS)     

A. Volz-Thomas  J. Slemr  S. Konrad  Th. Schmitz  E. C. Apel  V. A. Mohnen 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,42(1):255-279

In the German Focus on Tropospheric Research (TFS) independent quality assurance procedures were implemented in order to obtain information on data quality and comparability of the different measurements made in the different field campaigns. This paper describes the results for measurements of hydrocarbons using in-situ gas chromatographictechniques and off line analysis of samples collected in canisters (analysed by two central laboratories CL-1 and CL-2) and samples collected on adsorption tubes. The QA-procedures included comparisons with synthetic standards (prepared by EN 45001 certified laboratories), absolute calibration with a diffusion source, and an instrument/methodology comparison in ambient air. Harmonisation of the ambient measurements was achieved with a complex mixture (NCAR/BERLIOZ) containing 70 commonly observed hydrocarbons at mixing ratios of 0.2 to 10 ppb (mole fraction) in nitrogen, which was calibrated by referencing to hydrocarbon standards of the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST).For the certified synthetic standards, the experienced groups agreed to within ± 20% for most compounds. Much larger discrepancies were observed for the new Airmotec HC2010 instruments due to problems with identification, co-elution and blanks/memory effects. The results in ambient air were similar: Reasonable agreement was found for the results from the experienced groups with well characterised in situ instruments andfor the charcoal tubes, whereas larger discrepancies were observed for the results from new groups and instruments. For the latter, only selected compounds met the data quality objectives (DQO). The canister samples analysed by CL-2 were in good agreement with the reference instrument, whereas large deviations were found for a number of compounds in the analysis of the same canisters by CL-1. The results of the comparison provided the final basis for flagging and harmonising the data from all participants prior to their submission to the TFS central data bank.  相似文献   

On recent variations of the annual thunderstorm activity in the region of the Alps     

Konrad Cehak 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1976,114(3):393-402

Summary Observations of days with thunderstorm at twelve stations in the Alpine and Pre-Alpine region have been used to look for trends and periodicities in the thunderstorm activity in this area. The annual number of days with thunderstorms was represented by negative binomial distributions, then by means of a non-parametric trend test, parts of the series were found in which the numbers of days with thunderstorm were increasing, decreasing or uniform at the various stations. A variance spectrum analysis showed the existence of long-periodic waves and of short-periodic waves superposed on the background red noise or white noise spectrum. Partitioning the series of observations yielded that these periodicities are not stable.  相似文献   

Thermal stresses in the modern aircraft     

Konrad J. K. Buettner 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1954,5(3-4):377-387

Summary It is proposed for practical purposes to measure the severity of the bioclimate in extreme conditions, as encountered in aircraft, by the tolerance time. The author also suggests a more simple classification of the extreme bioclimates, as shown in Table 1. The probable kind of final fate of a human being in this bioclimate is used for its definition.The air friction causes the temperature of a modern fast airplane to rise in a degree that an equilibrium of temperature is no longer secured. The heat capacity of the cabin, of the clothes, and of the men therefore becomes important for avoiding too high temperatures.A new calculation of observed fast changes of temperature in man yields that the peripheral heat barrier of the body depends upon core temperature and not upon skin temperature. In hot environment the production of heat increases much more than has been supposed.As a consequence of recent experiments of the author about the thermal water loss from the skin the diffusion flow of the insensible perspiration can move in both directions, to and from the skin, according to the vapour pressure of the air; it represents simply the lowest value of osmotic diffusion. The diffusion ressstance of the skin is lowest when it is covered with water. Considerable amounts of water are flowing through the skin from water and solutions; amount and direction of these flows depend upon the concentration of the solutions. When the skin is sweating and exposed to the air the diffusion flow increases with sweating and can reach similar amounts. With a very damp air previously excreted sweat water can return back into the body by diffusion.

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Zusammenfassung Für Zwecke der Praxis wird vorgeschlagen, die Härte des Bioklimas unter extremen Bedingungen, wie sie in der Fliegerei auftreten, nach der Toleranzzeit zu bemessen (Fig. 1). Ferner wird angeregt, statt der verwirrenden Fülle extremer Bioklimate eine Einteilung wie in Tabelle 1 zu benützen. Dabei wird die wahrscheinliche Art des Endschicksals eines Menschen in diesem Bioklima für dessen Definition benutzt.Das moderne Schnellflugzeug wird durch Reibung so stark aufgeheizt, daß Temperaturgleichgewicht nicht mehr erreicht wird. Wärmekapazität von Flugzeugzelle, Kleidung und Mensch werden dadurch zu wichtigen Hilfsmitteln zur Vermeidung zu hoher Temperaturen.Eine Neuberechnung beobachteter schneller Temperaturgänge im Menschen ergibt, daß der periphere Wärmewiderstand des Körpers von der Innentemperatur und nicht von der Hauttemperatur abhängt. In heißer Umgebung steigt die Wärmebildung viel mehr an als bisher angenommen.Nach neuen Versuchen des Verf. über den thermischen Hautwasserverlust kann der Diffusionsstrom der insensiblen Perspiration, je nach dem äußeren Dampfdruck, von der Haut weg oder zu ihr hin gerichtet sein; er stellt nur den untersten Wert der osmotischen Diffusion dar. Der geringste Diffusionswiderstand der Haut findet sich bei Wasserbedeckung. Aus Wasser oder Lösungen fließen erhebliche Wassermassen durch die Haut; Größe und Richtung dieser Ströme richten sich nach der Konzentration der Lösungen. Bei schwitzender, der Luft ausgesetzter Haut nimmt der Diffusionsstrom mit dem Schwitzen zu und kann eine ähnliche Größe erreichen. Bei sehr feuchter Luft kann bereits ausgetretenes Schweißwasser wieder zurückdiffundieren.

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Résumé L'auteur propose, à des fins pratiques, d'évaluer la rigueur d'un bioclimat sous des conditions extrêmes comme on les rencontre dans l'aviation, par le temps de tolérance (fig.1). Il suggère en un tableau une subdivision plus simple des bioclimats extrêmes; pour cela il définit ce climat par le sort final probable de l'organisme humain qui s'y trouve exposé.La chaleur de frottement des avions modernes est telle que l'équilibre de température n'est plus atteint. La capacité calorifique de la cabine d'avion, des vêtements et de l'homme deviennent par conséquent des moyens importants d'éviter des températures trop hautes.Un nouveau calcul de fortes variations de température observées dans l'organisme humain montre que la résistence calorifique du corps dépend de sa température interne et non de celle de la peau. La formation de chaleur augmente par forte chaleur extérieure beaucoup plus qu'on ne l'admettait jusqu'ici.D'après de nouvelles recherches de l'auteur sur la perte calorifique en eau de la peau, le courant de diffusion de la perspiration insensible peut être dirigé vers l'extérieur ou vers l'intérieur, selon la pression de vapeur de l'air; il ne représente que la valeur la plus basse de la diffusion osmotique. La plus petite résistance de la peau à la diffusion s'observe lorsque celle-ci est couverte d'eau. Dans l'eau ou dans une solution, des quantités notables d'eau traversent la peau; la direction et l'importance de ces courants dépendent de la concentration des solutions. Lorsque la peau exposée à l'air transpire, le courant de diffusion augmente avec la transpiration et peut atteindre une grandeur semblable. Dans de l'air très humide, l'eau de transpiration expulsée peut rediffuser vers l'intérieur.

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With 3 Figures.

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Lecture given to the Symposium on Frontiers of man controlled flight. Los Angeles, Cal., April 1953. With the permission of the Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles.  相似文献   

Die Einordnung der Weichseleiszeit in die Strahlungskurve Ton Milankowitsch     

Konrad Richter 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1937,28(1-2):69-77

Zusammenfassung Bändertone, Osbuckel und Toteiskragen der Diluviallandschaft Norddeutschlands werden auf ihre Brauchbarkeit als Geochronometer untersucht. Es zeigt sich stets, daß nur überraschend kleine Zahlenwerte festzustellen sind. Ein Versuch, die Gesamtdauer der Weichseleiszeit zu errechnen, scheint aussichtsreich, obwohl er nicht exakt durchführbar ist. Es wird dadurch zumindestens bewiesen, daß in der Strahlungskurve vonMilankowitsch lediglich die Klimazacke vor 22 300 Jahren mit der gesamten Weichseleiszeit identifiziert werden könnte.  相似文献