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MUPENZI Jean de la Paix NGAMIJE Jean ACHAL Verenyam HABIYAREMYE Gabriel HABUMUGISHA Jean de Dieu 《山地科学学报》2012,9(2):256-261
The primary purpose of this study was to assess water losses by evapotranspiration, evaporation and seepage in arid zone.Normally, evaporation and seepage are the main causes of water losses.For modeling water losses,a combination of Genetic Programming(GP),Penman-Monteith(PM) and Penman combination model for measurement of evapotranspiration,evaporation and seepage has been developed.The results were found to be varying depending on how the evaporation and seepage phenomena are modeled.These results show that that there is an improvement in reducing evapotranspiration,evaporation and seepage losses in arid and semi-arid region. 相似文献
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全球变暖使季节性冻土范围逐渐缩小,而季节性冻土对春季径流,尤其是春季洪峰的影响使得该方面的研究更为重要。为了分析季节性冻土广泛分布的山区不同海拔高度条件下季节性冻土发育和融化期影响因子的差异,采用通径分析方法对开都河流域不同海拔高度季节性冻土最大冻结深度和解冻日数的影响因子进行了分析。结果表明,不同海拔高度这两者的影响因子差异不大,但其控制因子存在差异。季节性冻土最大冻结深度的控制因子由低海拔处的负积温和最大积雪深度转为中高海拔处的平均相对湿度;解冻日数的控制因子由低海拔处的平均风速和最大冻结深度转变为高海拔处的平均相对湿度。该差异主要由不同海拔高度的地理位置和局地气候条件等决定。 相似文献
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雪崩是冰冻圈内主要的自然灾害之一,严重威胁高寒山区内的交通廊道、能源输送和通信干线、矿区、牧区、旅游区等安全并造成基础设施毁坏和人畜死伤,阻碍山区社会经济的可持续发展。随着气候变化和人类活动不断向高寒山区扩展,暴露在雪崩危险之下的人口及基础设施日趋增多,雪崩的风险显著增强。为保障山区的社会经济可持续发展,对雪崩灾害防治管理需求不断增加。在梳理我国1960年以来主要雪崩研究进展基础上,结合世界各地雪崩研究成果,总结了雪崩的影响因素和区域规律、雪崩的形成与运动机理、雪崩监测预警、雪崩风险评估和雪崩工程防治等方面的进展和亟须研究的前沿问题以及科学难点。同时本文论述了气候变化对雪崩活动的影响,以及人类活动与雪崩活动之间的相互影响,展望了未来雪崩防灾减灾的需求并提出对策,推动雪崩防灾减灾研究。 相似文献
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积雪作为干旱区的重要水源,深刻影响区域水资源及经济发展。决定积雪量的积雪深度、积雪面积和积雪密度在时空分布上存在不确定性,尤其是积雪密度难以获取。本文利用FY-3B/MWRI(Fengyun3B Microwave Radiation Imager)数据反演积雪密度,结合1979-2020年长时间序列遥感雪深数据集,对天山地区40多年来积雪期(11月-次年3月)及其不同时期(积累期、稳定期、消融期)的积雪量进行估算,并分析其时空分布及与地形、气象等因子之间的关系。结果表明:1979-2020年,天山地区积雪期不同时期积雪量存在差异,稳定期积雪量最大,消融期次之,积累期最小。研究时段内,积雪期积雪量最大值出现在1979年,最小值出现在1998年,积雪期积雪量呈微弱的下降趋势,消融期积雪量下降趋势显著。多年平均积雪量空间格局与积雪深度和积雪密度基本一致,主要呈现为西北多东南少的特点。天山地区积雪量空间分布主要受海拔、坡度影响,积雪量与海拔正相关,海拔越高,积雪量越丰富;在15°以下时,坡度对积雪的影响较大,且坡度越大,积雪量越大。不同时期积雪量的多年变化与气温关系密切,在一定温度范围内,气温越低,积雪量越大;稳定期积雪量变化同时受积累期降水影响,积累期降水越多,稳定期积雪量越大。本文基于遥感积雪深度和密度的天山积雪量研究结果,可供气候变化条件下新疆水资源利用和经济发展参考。 相似文献
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An accurate simulation of snowmelt runoff is of much importance in arid alpine regions. Data availability is usually an obstacle to use energy‐based snowmelt models for the snowmelt runoff simulation, and temperature‐based snowmelt models are more appealing in these regions. The snow runoff model is very popular nowadays, especially in the data sparse regions, because only temperature, precipitation and snow cover data are required for inputs to the model. However, this model uses average temperature as index, which cannot reflect the snowmelt simulation in the high altitude band. In this study, the snow runoff model is modified on the basis of accumulated active temperature. Snow cover calculation algorithm is added and is no longer needed as input but output. This makes the model able to simulate long‐time runoff and long‐time snow cover variation in every band. An examination of the improved model in the Manas River basin showed that the model is effective. It can reproduce the behaviour of the hydrology and can reflect the actual snow cover fluctuation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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全球气候模型（GCM）提供了有效的方法来评估全球气候变化的过程,并可预估包括人类活动因素驱动在内的未来气候变化情景。然而其较低的分辨率并不能捕捉到那些地表特性复杂区域的气候变化特性。因此,使用包括区域气候模型（RcM）、偏差校正法和统计方法等方法在内的降尺度方法来处理GCM的原始数据以达到评估区域的气候变化的目的。本研究应用使用偏差校正法中的delta方法将24个GCM在IPCC三种气候变化情景下的月尺度数据水平分辨率降尺度到0．5℃,进而用于分析新疆未来气候变化格局。基于降尺度后的计算结果与GCM模型原始数据比较表明：降尺度方法可以改善复杂地表和地形的区域气候变化预估特征,并降低GCM生成的气候数据在新疆地区的不确定性。结果表明：AIB、A2和B1三种情景模式下年均气温和年降水量在21世纪早期具有相似的空间格局与变化趋势,到21世纪中期会产生波动变化。年平均气温在A1B,A2和B1三种情景下到21世纪末将分别达到10℃,11．1℃和8．5℃;与此同时,年降水量将会有波动性的增加趋势。在2020—2070年间,AIB情景下区域年平均气温大于其他两个情景。A1B情景下的年降水量在2020-2040年间也大于其他两个情景。然而,在不同的情境下年平均气温与年降水存在很大的不确定性。不同情景下年平均气温的差异达6℃,而年平均降水差异大约200mm。在区域气候变化格局方面,到21世纪末,在天山中部、伊犁河流域、天山南部和塔里木河下游的年平均气温的增长要比准噶尔盆地、帕米尔高原和昆仑上北坡的小。年降水量在南疆西部呈现出轻微的下降趋势,但是在昌吉,吐鲁番,哈密和阿尔金山北部呈现出增长趋势。 相似文献
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The simulation of snowmelt runoff in the ungauged Kaidu River Basin of TianShan Mountains,China 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
Snowmelt runoff is an important source of water resources in the arid mountain area. Modelling snowmelt runoff for cold regions
remains a problematic aspect because of the lack of data by gauges in large basins. In order to overcome the shortage of measured
data in the snowmelt runoff modelling, the temperature interpolation method would greatly help in improving the simulation
accuracy and describing the snow-hydrological behaviours of the study catchments. In this study, the temperature is the principal
variable used to estimate the importance of the melting of snow cover using the snowmelt runoff model. Five different temperature
interpolation attempts were performed over the Kaidu River Basin for the snowmelt season of the year 2000. Three temperature
inputs were taken directly from the individual weather stations in or near the study area, and the other two temperature inputs
were interpolated from the three weather stations. The results indicated that the temperature estimated from different methods
could result in quite a difference in runoffs in comparison with the observed ones. The simulation results using average temperature
from the three stations showed good results; the simulation run with the weighted average temperature generated a lower R
2 than the average temperature of three stations and using temperature directly adopted from three individual stations gave
various results. The weather stations used to perform the snowmelt runoff simulation should be located in the place which
is most representative of the mountain weather conditions, and the land cover and topography that those stations represented
also play an important role in the snowmelt runoff simulation. 相似文献
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Feiyun Zhang Sajjad Ahmad Hongqi Zhang Xin Zhao Xianwei Feng Lanhai Li 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2016,30(1):59-75
Snowmelt and water infiltration are two important processes of the hydrological cycle in alpine basins where snowmelt water is a main contributor of streamflow. In insufficiently gauged basins, hydrologic modeling is a useful approach to understand the runoff formation process and to simulate streamflow. In this study, an existing hydrologic model based on the principles of system dynamics was modified by using the effective cumulative temperature (>0 °C) to calculate snowmelt rate, and the soil temperature to adjust the influence of the soil’s physical state on water infiltration. This modified model was used to simulate streamflows in the Kaidu River basin from 1982 to 2002, including normal, high, and low flows categorized by the Z index. Sensitivity analyses, visual inspection, and statistical measures were employed to evaluate the capability of the model to simulate various components of the streamflow. Results showed that the modified model was robust, and able to simulate the three categories of flows well. The model’s ability to reproduce streamflow in low-flow and normal-flow years was better than that in high-flow years. The model was also able to simulate the baseflow. Further, its ability to simulate spring-peak flow was much better than its ability to simulate the summer-peak flow. This study could provide useful information for water managers in determining water allocations as well as in managing water resources. 相似文献