考虑目标光谱差异的机载离散激光雷达叶面积指数反演   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

田罗  屈永华  Korhonen Lauri  Korpela Ilkk  Heiskanen Janne 《遥感学报》2020,24(12):1450-1463

利用间隙率模型反演LAI（Leaf Area Index），需要同时获取冠层间隙率和消光系数，后者与冠层叶倾角分布有关。基于点云数量构建激光雷达穿透指数LPI （LiDAR Penetration Index），用以代替冠层间隙率GF （Gap Fraction），并利用间隙率模型反演冠层LAI是利用LiDAR PCD（LiDAR Point Cloud Data）数据反演冠层LAI主要思路。冠层和背景的光谱差异是影响PCD数据中冠层和背景点云数量的重要因素，因此从LPI到GF的校正需要获取背景和冠层的后向散射系数比（μ=ρg/ρv）。本文基于PCD数据中点云强度进行μ值获取，用以实现LPI到GF的校正；在假设区域内叶倾角满足椭球形叶倾角分布的基础上，利用样地尺度下的多角度GF，采用有约束的非线性最优化方法获取椭球形叶倾角分布参数χ，实现冠层消光系数的获取；最后利用间隙率模型实现基于PCD数据的LAI反演。本文探讨了基于PCD数据进行冠层LAI反演时，样地尺度Rxy_Tile、样方尺度Rxy_Plot以及进行背景和冠层分割的高度阈值Ht对模型的影响。结果显示，由于区域内地衣植被广泛覆盖，基于点云强度的μ 值接近1，符合区域特点；经过μ值校正后的GF对冠层间隙率具有较好的反映能力（R2=0.78,RMSE=0.09）；对于优势种明显的区域，基于样地尺度内多角度GF的χ值反演受样地内冠间大间隙的影响，选择合适的样地尺度能够减小LAI反演过程中的系统性误差；结合地面参考数据，确定的最优Rxy_Tile、Rxy_Plot和Ht分别为950 m、10 m和2.6 m，在此基础上反演的LAI与地面测量数据具有高度的一致性（R2=0.84,RMSE=0.51）；与Rxy_Plot相比，基于间隙率模型的LAI反演对Ht的选择更为敏感。  相似文献   

The distribution of pulsar periods at different galactic latitudes     

Lauri Ryynänen 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1970,8(3):497-501

Pulsars at different galactic latitudes have different periods. It seems possible that there are two different types of pulsars.  相似文献   

Bidirectional reflectance spectrometry of gravel at the Sjökulla test field     

Jouni I. Peltoniemi  Jukka Piironen  Jyri Nrnen  Juha Suomalainen  Risto Kuittinen  Lauri Markelin  Eija Honkavaara 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2007,62(6):434-446

The Sjökulla test site is used for testing and calibrating aerial images. The permanent test field is made of four types of gravel (dark gabbro, grey granite, red granite, white limestone) in two sizes (diameters 8–16 mm and 4–8 mm) set in various patterns. The bidirectional reflection properties of the targets together with their temporal changes must be known in order to carry out radiometric and spectral evaluation and calibration.The bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRF) of the gravel have been measured several times in the test fields using portable field goniospectrometers belonging Finnish Geodetic Institute (FGI), and once using the European Goniometic Facility (EGO) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) at Ispra, Italy. Detailed BRFs have been obtained, showing features typical to particulate media, e.g. a small bowl shape, strong backscattering, and smooth wavelength dependence. Temporal range measurements over several years show that the black gabbro and red granite are fairly stable, while the grey granite has changed somewhat over the years and the white limestone has experienced dramatic darkening effects, requiring action to be taken.The measured BRF data have increased the usability of the test field considerably. The results are also useful in the development and validation of scattering models for particulate media. The site has proved to be a good test bench for goniospectrometric instruments, too.  相似文献   

Size-resolved characterisation of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols collected at Welgegund,South Africa     

Wanda Booyens  Pieter G. Van Zyl  Johan P. Beukes  Jose Ruiz-Jimenez  Matias Kopperi  Marja-Liisa Riekkola  Miroslav Josipovic  Andrew D. Venter  Kerneels Jaars  Lauri Laakso  Ville Vakkari  Markku Kulmala  Jacobus J. Pienaar 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2015,72(1):43-64

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The two Suvasvesi impact structures,Finland: Argon isotopic evidence for a “false” impact crater doublet          下载免费PDF全文

Martin Schmieder  Winfried H. Schwarz  Mario Trieloff  Elmar Buchner  Jens Hopp  Eric Tohver  Lauri J. Pesonen  Martti Lehtinen  Jarmo Moilanen  Stephanie C. Werner  Teemu Öhman 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2016,51(5):966-980

The two neighboring Suvasvesi North and South impact structures in central‐east Finland have been discussed as a possible impact crater doublet produced by the impact of a binary asteroid. This study presents ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronologic data for impact melt rocks recovered from the drilling into the center of the Suvasvesi North impact structure and melt rock from glacially transported boulders linked to Suvasvesi South. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar step‐heating analysis yielded two essentially flat age spectra indicating a Late Cretaceous age of ~85 Ma for the Suvasvesi North melt rock, whereas the Suvasvesi South melt sample gave a Neoproterozoic minimum (alteration) age of ~710 Ma. Although the statistical likelihood for two independent meteorite strikes in close proximity to each other is rather low, the remarkable difference in ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of >600 Myr for the two Suvasvesi impact melt samples is interpreted as evidence for two temporally separate, but geographically closely spaced, impacts into the Fennoscandian Shield. The Suvasvesi North and South impact structures are, thus, interpreted as a “false” crater doublet, similar to the larger East and West Clearwater Lake impact structures in Québec, Canada, recently shown to be unrelated. Our findings have implications for the reliable recognition of impact crater doublets and the apparent rate of binary asteroid impacts on Earth and other planetary bodies in the inner solar system.  相似文献   

Photostability and photolability of dissolved organic matter upon irradiation of natural water samples under simulated sunlight   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Davide Vione  Vittorio Lauri  Claudio Minero  Valter Maurino  Mery Malandrino  Maria Eugenia Carlotti  Romeo-Iulian Olariu  Cecilia Arsene 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2009,71(1):34-45

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Entanglement of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in marine debris: Identifying causes and finding solutions     

Kimberly L. Raum-Suryan  Lauri A. Jemison 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(10):1487-1495

Entanglement in marine debris is a contributing factor in Steller sea lion (SSL; Eumetopias jubatus) injury and mortality. We quantified SSL entanglement by debris type, sex and age class, entanglement incidence, and estimated population level effects. Surveys of SSL haul-outs were conducted from 2000-2007 in Southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia. We recorded 386 individuals of all age classes as being either entangled in marine debris or having ingested fishing gear. Packing bands were the most common neck entangling material (54%), followed by rubber bands (30%), net (7%), rope (7%), and monofilament line (2%). Ingested fishing gear included salmon fishery flashers (lures: 80%), longline gear (12%), hook and line (4%), spinners/spoons (2%), and bait hooks (2%). Entanglement incidence was 0.26% (SD = 0.0064, n = 69 sites). “Lose the Loop!” Simple procedures such as cutting entangling loops of synthetic material and eliminating the use of packing bands can prevent entanglements.  相似文献   

乌梁素海湖冰晴天反照率日变化特征的统计模型比较和分析     

汤明光  李志军  卢鹏  曹晓卫  李国玉  Lepparanta Matti  Arvola Lauri  石利娟 《湖泊科学》2020,32(6):1858-1868

乌梁素海湖冰晴天反照率日变化具有双峰特征,利用当地太阳高度角同经纬度和儒历的关系,归一化到北京时,依此表达湖冰反照率日变化规律.基于具有指数函数形式的拉普拉斯、高斯、耿贝尔和柯西4种概率密度分布函数建立线性组合模型,对日出后到日落前太阳高度角大于5°时段内的反照率日变化数据进行拟合,发现拉普拉斯密度分布函数组合是最佳统计模型.它既能拟合太阳高度角大于5°时间范围内反照率日变化曲线的双峰特征,又能反映太阳高度角大于15°时间范围内反照率日变化曲线双峰之间的U型分布.该模型不仅形式简单,而且意义明确：尺度参数约为日长的一半,双峰位置与日出时刻关系密切;同时能体现2个反照率峰值的不对称性.为发展不同地区湖冰反照率日变化参数化方案奠定基础.  相似文献   

Retrieval of boreal forest LAI using a forest reflectance model and empirical regressions     

Janne Heiskanen  Miina Rautiainen  Lauri Korhonen  Matti Mõttus  Pauline Stenberg 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011

Spectral invariants provide a novel approach for characterizing canopy structure in forest reflectance models and for mapping biophysical variables using satellite images. We applied a photon recollision probability (p) based forest reflectance model (PARAS) to retrieve leaf area index (LAI) from fine resolution SPOT HRVIR and Landsat ETM+ satellite data. First, PARAS was parameterized using an extensive database of LAI-2000 measurements from five conifer-dominated boreal forest sites in Finland, and mixtures of field-measured forest understory spectra. The selected vegetation indices (e.g. reduced simple ratio, RSR), neural networks and kNN method were used to retrieve effective LAI (L_e) based on reflectance model simulations. For comparison, we established empirical vegetation index-LAI regression models for our study sites. The empirical RSR–L_e regression performed best when applied to an independent test site in southern Finland [RMSE 0.57 (24.2%)]. However, the difference to the best reflectance model based retrievals produced by neural networks was only marginal [RMSE 0.59 (25.1%)]. According to this study, the PARAS model provides a simple and flexible modelling tool for calibrating algorithms for LAI retrieval in conifer-dominated boreal forests. The advantage of PARAS is that it directly uses field measurements to parameterize canopy structure (LAI-2000, hemispherical photographs) and optical properties of foliage and understory.  相似文献   

Effects of asteroid and comet impacts on habitats for lithophytic organisms—A synthesis     

Charles S. Cockell  Pascal Lee  Paul Broady  Darlene S. S. Lim  Gordon R. Osinski  John Parnell  Christian Koeberl  Lauri Pesonen  Johanna Salminen 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2005,40(12):1901-1914

Abstract— Asteroid and comet impacts can have a profound influence on the habitats available for lithophytic microorganisms. Using evidence from the Haughton impact structure, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic, we describe the role of impacts in influencing the nature of the lithophytic ecological niche. Impact‐induced increases in rock porosity and fracturing can result in the formation of cryptoendolithic habitats. In some cases and depending upon the target material, an increase in rock translucence can yield new habitats for photosynthetic cryptoendoliths. Chasmoendolithic habitats are associated with cracks and cavities connected to the surface of the rock and are commonly increased in abundance as a result of impact bulking. Chasmoendolithic habitats require less specific geological conditions than are required for cryptoendolithic habitats, and their formation is likely to be common to most impact events. Impact events are unlikely to have an influence on epilithic and hypolithic habitats except in rare cases, where, for example, the formation of impact glasses might yield new hypolithic habitats. We present a synthetic understanding of the influence of asteroid and comet impacts on the availability and characteristics of rocky habitats for microorganisms.  相似文献