What drives national adaptation? A global assessment   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Lea Berrang-Ford  James D. Ford  Alexandra Lesnikowski  Carolyn Poutiainen  Magda Barrera  S. Jody Heymann 《Climatic change》2014,124(1-2):441-450

That the climate is changing and societies will have to adapt is now unequivocal, with adaptation becoming a core focus of climate policy. Our understanding of the challenges, needs, and opportunities for climate change adaptation has advanced significantly in recent years yet remains limited. Research has identified and theorized key determinants of adaptive capacity and barriers to adaptation, and more recently begun to track adaptation in practice. Despite this, there is negligible research investigating whether and indeed if adaptive capacity is translating into actual adaptation action. Here we test whether theorized determinants of adaptive capacity are associated with adaptation policy outcomes at the national level for 117 nations. We show that institutional capacity, in particular measures of good governance, are the strongest predictors of national adaptation policy. Adaptation at the national level is limited in countries with poor governance, and in the absence of good governance other presumed determinants of adaptive capacity show limited effect on adaptation. Our results highlight the critical importance of institutional good governance as a prerequisite for national adaptation. Other elements of theorized adaptive capacity are unlikely to be sufficient, effective, or present at the national level where national institutions and governance are poor.  相似文献   

A new method of measuring the cluster peculiar velocity power spectrum     

Pengjie Zhang  Hume A. Feldman  Roman Juszkiewicz  Albert Stebbins 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,388(2):884-888

We propose to use spatial correlations of the kinetic Sunyaev–Zeldovich (KSZ) flux as an estimator of the peculiar velocity power spectrum. In contrast with conventional techniques, our new method does not require measurements of the thermal SZ signal or the X-ray temperature. Moreover, this method has the special advantage that the expected systematic errors are always subdominant to statistical errors on all scales and redshifts of interest. We show that future large sky coverage KSZ surveys may allow a peculiar velocity power spectrum estimates of an accuracy reaching ∼10 per cent.  相似文献   

Consistently large cosmic flows on scales of  100 h⁻¹ Mpc : a challenge for the standard ΛCDM cosmology     

Richard Watkins  Hume A. Feldman  Michael J. Hudson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,392(2):743-756

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Identification and measurement of neutron-absorbing elements on Mercury’s surface     

David J. Lawrence  William C. Feldman  Timothy J. McCoy  William V. Boynton  Larry R. Nittler  Sean C. Solomon 《Icarus》2010,209(1):195-455

MESSENGER Neutron Spectrometer (NS) observations of cosmic-ray-generated thermal neutrons provide the first direct measurements of Mercury’s surface elemental composition. Specifically, we show that Mercury’s surface is enriched in neutron-absorbing elements and has a measured macroscopic neutron-absorption cross section of 45-81 × 10⁻⁴ cm²/g, a range similar to the neutron absorption of lunar basalts from Mare Crisium. The expected neutron-absorbing elements are Fe and Ti, with possible trace amounts of Gd and Sm. Fe and Ti, in particular, are important for understanding Mercury’s formation and how its surface may have changed over time through magmatic processes. With neutron Doppler filtering - a neutron energy separation technique based on spacecraft velocity - we demonstrate that Mercury’s surface composition cannot be matched by prior models, which have characteristically low abundances of Fe, Ti, Gd, and Sm. While neutron spectroscopy alone cannot separate the relative contributions of individual neutron-absorbing elements, these results provide strong new constraints on the nature of Mercury’s surface materials. For example, if all the measured neutron absorption were due to the presence of an Fe-Ti oxide and that oxide were ilmenite, then Mercury’s surface would have an ilmenite content of 7-18 wt.%. This result is in general agreement with the inference from color imaging and visible-near-infrared spectroscopy that Mercury’s overall low reflectance is consistent with a surface composition that is enriched in Fe-Ti oxides. The incorporation of substantial Fe and Ti in oxides would imply that the oxygen fugacity of basalts on Mercury is at the upper range of oxygen fugacities inferred for basalts on the Moon.  相似文献   

Authorship in IPCC AR5 and its implications for content: climate change and Indigenous populations in WGII   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

James D. Ford  Will Vanderbilt  Lea Berrang-Ford 《Climatic change》2012,113(2):201-213

This essay examines the extent to which we can expect Indigenous Knowledge, understanding, and voices on climate change (??Indigenous content??) to be captured in WGII of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), based on an analysis of chapter authorship. Reviewing the publishing history of 309 chapter authors (CAs) to WGII, we document 9 (2.9%) to have published on climate change and Indigenous populations and involved as authors in 6/30 chapters. Drawing upon recent scholarship highlighting how authorship affect structure and content of assessment reports, we argue that, unaddressed, this will affect the extent to which Indigenous content is examined and assessed. While it is too late to alter the structure of AR5, there are opportunities to prioritize the recruitment of contributing authors and reviewers with expertise on Indigenous issues, raise awareness among CAs on the characteristics of impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability faced by Indigenous peoples, and highlight how Indigenous perspectives can help broaden our understanding of climate change and policy interventions.  相似文献   

Becoming skilled: The cultural and corporeal geographies of teaching and learning Thai Yoga massage     

Jennifer Lea 《Geoforum》2009,40(3):465-474

This paper explores the process of learning an embodied knowledge using the work of Dreyfus and Deleuze. Although geographers have begun to acknowledge the role of embodied knowledges in social life, there have been few in-depth case studies of how these skills are learned. This paper offers a case study of Thai Yoga massage (TYM), a ‘complementary and alternative therapy’ which is growing in popularity in the United Kingdom. Having outlined the case study, the paper explores the cultural geographies of the formalisation, documentation and contestation of the set of techniques that have come to cohere in the UK as TYM. The paper then interrogates the messy corporeal geographies of learning a skill, and briefly considers how more advanced practitioners experience their skilled practice.  相似文献   

H layering in the top meter of Mars     

B. Diez  W.C. Feldman  O. Gasnault  M.T. Mellon  N. Schorghofer 《Icarus》2008,196(2):409-421

We explore the capability of a method of mapping the depth distribution of a hydrogen-rich layer in the top meter of Mars from the neutron currents measured by the Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer. Assuming the soil can be modeled by two layers of known composition having different hydrogen contents, simulations allow an inversion of the neutron data into knowledge of depth and hydrogen content of the lower layer. The determination of these variables is sensitive to the hypothesis of chemical composition of the soil. We quantify this contribution to the uncertainty in the method first in terms of individual chemical elements and then in terms of macroscopic absorption cross sections. To minimize this source of error, an average composition was inferred from Mars Exploration Rover data. Possible compositions having a wide range of macroscopic absorption cross sections were used to evaluate the uncertainty associated with our calculations. We finally compare our results to ice table depth estimates predicted by two published theoretical models at locations where the composition is relatively well known. The fit is excellent in the southern high latitudes but questionable in the northern high latitudes. Possible explanations of these differences include the high geographical variations of the neutron currents relative to the spatial width of the response function of the instrument and the overly simple model we, of necessity, used for surface layering.  相似文献   

Cometary cryo-volcanism: Source regions and a model for the UT 2005 June 14 and other mini-outbursts on Comet 9P/Tempel 1     

Michael J.S. Belton  Paul D. Feldman  Brian Carcich 《Icarus》2008,198(1):189-207

Data on the UT 2005 June 14 mini-outburst of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 taken from different viewpoints have been examined for morphological differences and parallax. The data were taken with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), from the Deep Impact (DI) spacecraft, and from the Calar Alto Observatory, Spain. The mini-outburst source region was found to be located near 218 ± 6E, 6 ± 5N on the Deep Impact nucleus shape model. The mini-outburst occurred at ∼12 pm local solar time. The distribution of light in the mini-outburst is similar to that expected for an ejecta curtain. The method and software used to determine the surface location was checked using position angles of the impact ejecta plume as seen from DI and HST. The general region of impact was recovered and a downrange tilt of the ejecta curtain axis of 10.2 deg from the surface normal was found. We computed tracks of possible source regions for nine other mini-outbursts seen from DI. Five of these tracks converge on the 2005 June 14 event location. Three of the tracks converge at a second location near (60E, 20S), well separated from the first. Multiple mini-outbursts arise at each location either from a single source or from a few sources in close proximity. The mini-outbursts occur both at night and during the day indicating at most weak, if any, control by direct sunlight. The times of outburst are non-random with a preference for early afternoon, dusk and midnight. None of the mini-outbursts occurred near dawn. They occur at low latitudes (between ±40 deg) near the points where the principal axis of minimum moment of inertia cuts the surface. These regions are furthest from the center of figure and have the lowest effective surface gravity. We use these results to develop a conceptual model of the mini-outburst process and make comparisons with the theoretical calculations. We find that the tensile strength of the sub-surface material must be very low (e.g., ) and, on the basis of features imaged on the western facet of the nucleus, suggest that inflation of the sub-surface may be occurring. Our model makes specific predictions about the kind of surface morphology that should result from mini-outburst activity. We show that one of the isolated rimless depressions and the close-packed depressions found in the Deep Impact images have the properties needed and identify them as possible sites of past and current mini-outburst activity.  相似文献   

Solar wind heavy ion abundances     

S. J. Bame  J. R. Asbridge  W. C. Feldman  M. D. Montgomery  P. D. Kearney 《Solar physics》1975,43(2):463-473

During periods in 1969–1971 when interplanetary flow conditions were quiet, 17 determinations of the solar wind Fe and Si abundances and 7 of the O abundance were made. On the average 〈N(Fe)/N(H)〉 = 5.3 × 10^-5, 〈N(Si)/N(H)〉 = 7.6 × 10^-5 and 〈N(O)/N(H)〉 = 5.2 × 10^-4. Variations from the averages over a total range of factors of ～4 for O, ～4 for Si, and ～ 10 for Fe have have observed. Although Fe and Si abundance variations appear to be correlated, no other element correlation pairs are unambiguously discernible from the present data set.  相似文献   

The ultraviolet spectrum of periodic comet encke (1980 XI)     

P.D. Feldman  H.A. Weaver  M.C. Festou 《Icarus》1984,60(3):455-463

A comparison of the ultraviolet spectrum of periodic Comet Encke (1980 XI), recorded by the IUE between 24 October and 5 November 1980 with similar spectra of short- and long-period comets shows the gaseous composition of P/Encke to be nearly identical to that of the other comets observed by the IUE. If P/Encke is indeed the remains of a once giant comet, this similarity implies a homogeneous radial structure for the cometary ice nucleus. The OH brightness distribution shows a spatial variation similar to the visible fan-shaped image of the comet, suggestive of a nonuniform distribution of volatile ices on the surface of the nucleus. The total derived water production rate appears to be a factor of 5 higher than that derived from HI Lyman-α observations made during the 1970 apparition and shows a variation with heliocentric distance (r) as r^?3.3 over the range 0.81 to 1.02 AU.  相似文献