Comments on “the best plane through data”     

William M. Rust Jr. 《Mathematical Geosciences》1972,4(1):73-75

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Analysis of the chromospheric hydrogen spectrum at the 1962 eclipse     

William Henze Jr. 《Solar physics》1969,9(1):65-76

Slitless spectrograms of the chromosphere obtained during the eclipse of 4–5 February 1962 have been analyzed to obtain the decrements of the level populations of hydrogen, the self-absorption in the Balmer lines, and parameters useful in construction of models of the low chromosphere.The decrement of the high energy levels of hydrogen inferred under the optically thin assumption does not vary significantly with height, and it appears to be unnecessary to seek large deviations from local thermodynamic equilibrium in the high levels. The observed Balmer-to-Paschen line intensity ratios have been used to infer self-absorption and opacities in the Balmer lines. The resulting population of the second energy level is about an order of magnitude smaller than that found by Athay and Thomas from the 1952 data.The chromospheric continuum was generally underexposed; the absence of observed continuum in the visible region of the spectrum made it impossible to derive a unique model from the 1962 data alone. However, the high Balmer line data and new theoretical solutions of the statistical equilibrium equations for hydrogen combined with corrected 1952 observations at 4700 A are compatible with a model having approximately the same temperature and neutral hydrogen structure as the 1952 model by Pottasch and Thomas but half the electron density: T _e = 6200K, N ₁ = 7.4 × 10¹³ cm^-3, N _e = 2.3 × 10¹¹ cm^-3 at 500 km and T _e = 7200K, N ₁ = 2.6 × 10¹² cm^-3, N _e = 1.7 × 10¹¹ cm^-3 at 1000 km.Based in part on a Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Astro-Geophysics, University of Colorado.Now at the Department of Astronomy, Indiana University.  相似文献   

Attenuation of Waste Water Elutriated Through Glacial Outwash     

C. W. Fetter  Jr. 《Ground water》1977,15(5):365-371

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Alkali and Chlorine Photochemistry in a Volcanically Driven Atmosphere on Io     

Julianne I. MosesMikhail Yu. Zolotov  Bruce Fegley Jr. 《Icarus》2002,156(1):107-135

Observations of the Io plasma torus and neutral clouds indicate that the extended ionian atmosphere must contain sodium, potassium, and chlorine in atomic and/or molecular form. Models that consider sublimation of pure sulfur dioxide frost as the sole mechanism for generating an atmosphere on Io cannot explain the presence of alkali and halogen species in the atmosphere—active volcanoes or surface sputtering must also be considered, or the alkali and halide species must be discharged along with the SO₂ as the frost sublimates. To determine how volcanic outgassing can affect the chemistry of Io's atmosphere, we have developed a one-dimensional photochemical model in which active volcanoes release a rich suite of S-, O-, Na-, K-, and Cl-bearing vapor and in which photolysis, chemical reactions, condensation, and vertical eddy and molecular diffusion affect the subsequent evolution of the volcanic gases. Observations of Pele plume constituents, along with thermochemical equilibrium calculations of the composition of volcanic gases exsolved from high-temperature silicate magmas on Io, are used to constrain the composition of the volcanic vapor. We find that NaCl, Na, Cl, KCl, and K will be the dominant alkali and chlorine gases in atmospheres generated from Pele-like plume eruptions on Io. Although the relative abundances of these species will depend on uncertain model parameters and initial conditions, these five species remain dominant for a wide variety of realistic conditions. Other sodium and chlorine molecules such as NaS, NaO, Na₂, NaS₂, NaO₂, NaOS, NaSO₂, SCl, ClO, Cl₂, S₂Cl, and SO₂Cl₂ will be only minor constituents in the ionian atmosphere because of their low volcanic emission rates and their efficient photochemical destruction mechanisms. Our modeling has implications for the general appearance, properties, and variability of the neutral sodium clouds and jets observed near Io. The neutral NaCl molecules present at high altitudes in atmosph eres generated by active volcanoes might provide the NaX⁺ ion needed to help explain the morphology of the high-velocity sodium “stream” feature observed near Io.  相似文献   

Experiments On Buoyant Plume Dispersion In A Laboratory Convection Tank     

Jeffrey C. Weil  William H. Snyder  Robert E. Lawson Jr.  Michael S. Shipman 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,102(3):367-414

Plume dispersion in the convective boundary layer (CBL) is investigated experimentally in a laboratory convection tank. The focusis on highly-buoyant plumes that loft near or become trapped in the CBL capping inversion and resistdownward mixing. Such plumes are defined by dimensionless buoyancy fluxes F_* 0.1, where F_* = F_b/(U w_* ² z_i), F_b is the stack buoyancy flux,U is the mean wind speed, w_* is the convective velocity scale, and z_i is the CBL depth. The aim is to obtain statistically-reliable mean (C) and root-mean-square (rms, _c) concentration fields as a function of F_* and the dimensionless distance X = w_*x/(U z_i), where x is the distance downstream of the source.The experiments reveal the following mainresults: (1) For 3 X 4and F_* 0.1, the crosswind-integrated concentration (CWIC) fields exhibit distinctly uniform profiles below z_i with a CWIC maximum aloft, in contrast to the nonuniform profiles obtained earlier by Willis and Deardorff. (2) The lateral dispersion (_y) variation with X is consistent with Taylor's theory for _* 0.1 and a buoyancy-enhanced dispersion, _y/z_i F_* ^1/3X^2/3, forF_* = 0.2 and 0.4. (3) The entrapment, the plume fraction above z_i, has a mean (E) that follows a systematic variationwith X and F_*, and a variability (_e/E) that is broad ( 0.3 to 2) near the source but subsides to 0.25 far downstream. (4) Vertical profiles of the concentration fluctuation intensity (c/C) are uniform for z < z_i and X > 1.5, but exhibit significant increases: (a) at the surface and close to the source (X 1.5), and(b) in the entrainment zone. (5) The cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of the scaled concentration fluctuations (c/_c) separate into mixed-layer and entrainment-layer CDFs for X 2, with the mixed-layer group collapsing to a single distribution independent of z.These are the first experiments to obtain all components of the lateral and vertical dispersion parameters (rms meander, relative dispersion, total dispersion) for continuous buoyant releases in a convection tank. They also are the first tank experiments to demonstrate agreement with field observations of: (1) the scaled ground-level concentration along the plume centreline, and (2) the dimensionless lateral dispersion _y/z_i of buoyant plumes.  相似文献   

用面积平衡原理预测伸展断陷盆地中岩层内部应变及亚分辨正断层的方法   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  

漆家福  GroshongRHJr 《地球科学》2002,27(6):696-702

大多数地堑和半地堑是由深度近水平的拆离正断层控制的。根据面积平衡原理,这些伸展断陷盆地岩层的区域基准面至拆离断层面高度（h）与其损失面积（S）呈线性比例。拆离断层之上的盆地基底岩层的水平伸展量相同,因此,用“S－h图解法”可以确定拆离断层深度,并能在此基础上计算出岩层的总水平伸展量。伸展盆地中的总水平伸展量主要是由不同尺度的正断层的水平离距体现出来的。可观测解释的断层的水平位移可以通过测量盆地宽度、岩层长度等直接得到。用剖面面积平衡方法可计算出盆地各岩层的平行岩层面的应变,其中相当部分是由在观测尺度上不能直接解释出来的“亚分辨正断层”的小尺度位移造成的。因此,在分析伸展断陷盆地的构造样式、岩层力学性质基础上,有可能对计算得到的平行岩层的伸展应变进行合理评估,进而可以定量地预测“亚分辨正断层”的密度和可能的分布部位。  相似文献   

Using the Relative Operating Characteristic to Quantify Certainty in Prediction of Location of Land Cover Change in India   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

R Gil Pontius Jr  Kiran Batchu 《Transactions in GIS》2003,7(4):467-484

This paper describes a methodology by which modelers, ecologists and planners can quantify the certainty in predicting the location of change for a given quantity of change. The specification of the quantity of a land cover category and the specification of the location of a land cover category are two distinct fundamental concepts in geographical analysis. It is crucial that scientists have appropriate quantitative tools to analyze each of these two concepts independently of one another. This paper gives methods whereby a scientist can convert a map of relative propensity for disturbance to a map of probability of future disturbance, based on a quantifiable validation of a map's predictive ability. The required inputs are: (1) maps that show a Boolean categorical variable at times 0, 1 and 2, (2) a technique to create a map that shows the relative propensity for membership in the Boolean category, and (3) a predicted proportion of the category at time 3.  相似文献   

Kinetics of bubble formation and the tensile strength of liquids     

Jürn W. P. Schmelzer  Jürn Schmelzer  Jr. 《Atmospheric Research》2003,65(3-4):303-324

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Preface     

Jeffrey L. Collett  Jr.  Howard A. BridgmanJoerg Bendix 《Atmospheric Research》2002,64(1-4)

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Intense tropical cyclogenesis over the northwest Australian region in 1998/1999: Causal factors     

L. M. Leslie  R. F. Abbey Jr.  M. S. Speer  T. C. L. Skinner 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2002,80(1-4):89-101

Summary The 1998/99 tropical cyclone (TC) season over northwest Australia was notable for an above average number of TCs (seven compared to five on average) and a number of unusually intense TCs making landfall (three category 5 TCs). The active 1998/99 TC season is attributed here to a combination of a number of broad-scale features over the south east Indian Ocean and the Australian region, with identifiable precursors favoring tropical cyclogenesis. These precursors include: below normal MSLP, abnormally warm ocean temperatures, above average relative humidity in the low- to mid-tropospheric levels and weak wind shears in the genesis region under study, that is, between 10° S to 20° S and 105° E to 135° E. These favorable conditions first appeared as early as August 1998. The appearance of favorable conditions so far ahead of the TC season indicates that they are the likely cause of the enhanced TC activity rather than simply an effect. Although the season as a whole was an active one, strong intra-seasonal variability was evident in that there were two named TCs in December 1998, forming within three days of each other. Only one formed in January 1999 and none in February. By contrast, in March and April 1999, TC activity was enhanced once again, with four named TCs, three of which attained category 5 status. The importance of the above-mentioned precursors in favoring tropical cyclogenesis during the 1998/99 season is discussed in terms of seasonal time scales of the preceding spring and down to synoptic and mesoscale time scales ranging from several days to 48 hours or less. Received October 5, 2001 Revised December 28, 2001  相似文献